The chemical control of agricultural. The studies on these organic pollutants using halophiles have mainly focused on the isolation and identification of hydrocarbon-degrading halophilic microorganisms from hypersaline environments. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs) 56, 6980 (2001). Microorganisms Recent approaches to increasing organic biodegradation in the presence of metals involve reduction of metal bioavailability and include the use of metal-resistant bacteria, treatment additives, and clay minerals. It refer to complete removal of organic toxic pollutants in to harmless or naturally occurring compounds like carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compounds which are safe for human, animal, plant and aquatic life [18]. The effects in, Methyl violet, a basic dye, is manufactured using phenol and dimethylaniline as the raw materials. Elucidating how the PCB-degrading microorganisms involved in the process adapt to and deal with the stressing conditions caused by this class of compounds may help to improve the bioremediation process. 2.1. 4 0 obj 48, 261266 (1997), A.K. The genes, enzymes and pathways have been elucidated to understand environmental processes, engineer remediation of polluted environments and to predict the fate of chemicals in the environment. 1, 2 Increasing human population has led to an increase in industrial activities. [HJ Abstract. Model 27(2), 258273 (2014), P. Rajaguru, K. Kalaiselvi, K. Palanveli, M. Subburam, Biodegradation of azo dyes in a sequential anaerobic-aerobic system. Remediation strategies focus on transformation processes that will ultimately lead to nontoxic products. The degradation of these organic xenobiotic pollutants in nature is a serious challenge and microorganisms have been observed to play a vital role in their degradation. environmental pollutants are a global issue due to direct contamination from growing industrialized centers, application of pesticides, herbicides and insecticides, and indirect contamination resulting from longrange atmospheric transport that distributes persistent pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) around the world (meijer et This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. }vu. Misra, Modeling the depletion of dissolved oxygen in a lake due to submerged macrophytes. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. The genes, enzymes and pathways have been elucidated to understand environmental processes, engineer remediation of polluted environments and to predict the fate of chemicals in the environment. They transform hazardous organic xenobiotic com-pound into harmless or less hazardous form, generally carbon dioxide, water, methane, and nitrogen. 30. Venkateswarlu Kadiyala, Nambrattil Sethunathan, Balasubramanian Ramakrishnan. <> This review will focus in the stress responses caused in aerobic biphenyl-utilizing bacteria by PCBs and its metabolic intermediates and will also analyze bacterial properties such as motility and chemotaxis, adherence to solid surfaces, biosurfactant production and biofilm development, all properties found to enhance bacteriapollutant interaction. Nonlinear Anal. x\[s~wraR,WzXsjIdA! This can be accomplished by the use of chemical, physical or biological entities, such as microorganisms, fungi and green plants, through the enzymes that they produce. The present study investigated the potential of the chosen bacterium, a natural isolate Bacillus subtilis isolated from textile industry effluent (textile effluent adapted bacterium) and the isolate was found to be more efficient in degrading DMF based on the assessment of physico-chemical parameters like pH, turbidity, carbon dioxide and ammonia released during the degradation process. Download Biodegradation Technology Of Organic And Inorganic Pollutants full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Organic substances such as these petroleum contaminants or products mentioned above are reduced into minor compounds by living microbes, reducing their defects. Appl. Biodegradation is a well-known environmental-friendly method which has the benefit of uncomplicated equipment, low energy cost, inhibitors production or free of chemicals, and easy implementation compared to traditional chemical and physical pretreatment approaches. Bioremediation technologies for environments contaminated by organic and inorganic pollutants are a major focus of researchers and scientists worldwide. Zk{Idy Biodegradation of organic pollutants pdf Decomposition by living organisms For the journal, see Biodegradation (journal). Bioremediation of organic pollutants by white rot fungal cytochrome P450: The role and mechanism of CYP450 in biodegradation - ScienceDirect Chemosphere Volume 301, August 2022, 134776 Bioremediation of organic pollutants by white rot fungal cytochrome P450: The role and mechanism of CYP450 in biodegradation Cometabo lism is defined as the metabolism of an organic compound in the presence of a growth substrate that is used as the primary carbon and energy source [4]. Author: Kassio Ferreira Mendes Publisher: BoD - Books on Demand ISBN: 1839688955 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 496 Get Book. Integrated landscape management to mitigate climate change in the Sui river l No public clipboards found for this slide. MSC EM- 3 SEM In growth, an organic pollutant is used as sole source of carbon and energy. 1 0 obj One of the most dangerous groups of emergingpollutants ispharmaceutical substances due to their highly stable chemical structure and pronounced biological activity. Pollutants are known for their higher persistence and pervasiveness, and along with their transformed products, they can remain in and interact with the environment for prolonged periods. The degradation of these pollutants is achieved by specific oxygenases. Microbiol. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Bioremidation and biodegradation terms are more interchangable words. However, the current bioremediation approaches suffer from a number of limitations which include the poor capabilities of microbial communities in the field, lesser bioavailability of contaminants on spatial and temporal scales, and absence of bench-mark values for efficacy testing of bioremediation for their widespread application in the field. Wastewater treatment plants became large, complex facilities that required considerable amounts of energy for their operation. decomposition of organic material by microorganisms the term biodegradation is often used in relation to sewage treatment environmental remediation bioremediation and to, biodegradation is the chemical dissolution of materials by bacteria fungi or biological means while biodegradable simply means to be consumed by microorganism compostable Rev. endobj 38, 48634871 (2014), Article The microorganisms break down contaminants by using them as an energy source or cometabolizing them with an energy source. state condition, organic loading rate was increased from 978 to 2615 g COD m Xenobiotics can be- weak, recalcitrantand persistent. Microorganisms and, Since the late 1800s the range of synthesized chemicals has increased dramatically to include pesticides, plastics, hydrocarbon fuels, soaps, detergents and other useful substances. In comparison, the end result is less harmful than most methods. We present . Fungi are well known for their superior abilities to produce a well-built variety of ex-tracellular proteins and other organic compounds [27,28]. more effective than conventional biodegradation. Anthropogenic organic pollutants are now dispersed throughout the environment and can be highly recalcitrant to biodegradation by microorganisms. Microalgae play a crucial role in the bioremediation of inorganic, organic and emerging pollutants. abolism. 8!'J]igLS_jcXwe.\rE*%'pDa-0T>Gy1 W@(jWTHi]ugX='{R+9:,o`eb{hWB\#:a[acqfTB0.|fN"h%oK8JX*eVq) It is, therefore likely that the waste effluent arising from such units may contain the dye and, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. Figure 2b,c show the effect of interactions between PVA v% with initial COD concentration, and pH respectively. Appl. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10910-016-0603-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10910-016-0603-1. Misra, P.K. ;W~{>Iw|'EmT_]=~u=syX~9aNB3G{/ec:K:K~qo$pEn */+\VJ.b|D~&l9weQ3,+3I|^?~usWtr/fGp:! Aims: To characterize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)degrading bacteria from sediments of the Bizerte lagoon, and to determine their ability to resist other pollutants such as antibiotics and heavy metals. The focus of this review is to examine some of the reasons biodegradation may not take place in the environment even though its occurrence in the laboratory has been demonstrated. A major concern with these strategies is the possibility of incomplete dechlorination and accumulation of toxic daughter products (cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cDCE), vinyl chloride (VC)). The contribution of indigenous local knowledge to implement an integrated lan Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), COMPARISON BETWEEN PRIMARY & SECONDARY METABOLITES.pptx, 1 NATURE - Its More Complicated Than You Think.ppt, Antagonistic Plants for Nematode Management, Water as connector for resilient landscapes in Bolivia, (01) BIODIVERSITY AND THE HEALTHY SOCIETY.pptx. 138, 4972 (1994), CAS Biodegradation Technology Of Organic And Inorganic Pollutants. Book Description Bioremediation technologies for environments contaminated by organic and inorganic pollutants are a major focus of researchers and scientists worldwide. Biological methods would also be an acceptable solution to bioremediation activities, not just cost-effective but also eco-friendly. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. : Model. Click here to review the details. Organic compounds may be controlled through physical and chemical methods but these procedures are harmful and not eco-friendly, as their finished output will stay hazardous until the very end. The rate of biodegradation of organic pollutants is significantly influenced by the volume fraction of PVA pellets, which is directly related to the quantity of active biomass cells in the bioreactor . endobj Read online free Biodegradation Technology Of Organic And Inorganic Pollutants ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Biotechnology & organic pollution :SxED s5S|83ww#XM ScDj|;%7 [=u">OQ7G(Ji`Cw. 4) and biological treatments 2,3 of . Bioremediation technologies for environments contaminated by organic and inorganic pollutants are a major focus of researchers and scientists worldwide. Biodegradation tests are generally conducted in artificial environments to ensure the testing conditions are replicable, but there is a need to observe the processes occurring in natural environments under 37real conditions . Organic compounds may be controlled through physical and chemical methods but these procedures are harmful and not eco-friendly, as their finished output will stay (PDF) The Biodegradation of Organic Pollutants | Mohd Gulfishan - Academia.edu The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. Autochthonous (indigenous) microorganisms present in polluted environments hold the key to solving most of the challenges associated with biodegradation and bioremediation of polluting substances (Verma and Jaiswal 2016) provided that environmental conditions are suitable for their growth and metabolism. Conventional nonextremophilic microorganisms are unable to efficiently perform the removal of organic pollutants at high . In the present paper several issues relevant to both cell-present and cell free extra-cell enzyme features and future capacities in the bioremediation of different organic contaminants has been highlighted. SCOPE OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH IN URBAN FORESTRY, LANDSCAPE& URBAN B Energy flow by using energy models in ecosystem. Microbiol. Math. 1-3 There is an increasing demand for the clean-up of contaminated sites. Biodegradation refers to the microbial decomposition of compounds, typically of those that negatively impact human health, in the environment. BIOREMEDIATION OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS -A REVIEW 15.1 Introduction, Feasibility of bioremediation by white-rot fungi, MOLECULAR METHODS FOR MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS AND BIOREMEDIATION: AN OVERVIEW, Microbial Bioremediation By: Bernabas Seyoum, Ronald L. Crawford, Don L. Crawford - Bioremediation Principles and Applications (Biotechnology Research) (1997), Chapter 7: Eco-friendly Strategies of Remediation in the Marine System: Bioremediation and Phytoremediation, A Review On Bioremediation of Organic Pollutant, Biodegradation and Bioremediation Microbial Bioremediation Bernabas Seyoum Asres, Use of Nanotechnology for the Bioremediation of Contaminants: A Review, Microbial Bioremediation and Different Bioreactors Designs Applied, Bioaugmentation and biostimulation: a potential strategy for environmental remediation, Microbial Bioremediation of some Heavy Metals in Soils: An updated review, Role of Fungi in Bioremediation and Environmental Sustainability, Restoration of polluted soils by means of microbial and enzymatic processes, Characterization of a soil bacterial community and biphenyl dioxygenase genes involved in the degradation of individual polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, Source and Control of Hydrocarbon Pollution, Recent Advances in Enzymes for the Bioremediation of Pollutants, Natural Attenuation Potential of Polychlorinated Biphenyl-Polluted Marine Sediments, Biodegradation: Involved Microorganisms and Genetically Engineered Microorganisms, Rhizoremediation: A Promising Rhizosphere Technology, Mycoremediation of PCBs by Pleurotus ostreatus: Possibilities and Prospects, Fungi in Remediation of Hazardous Wastes: Current Status and Future Outlook, Metabolic and Co-metabolic Degradation of Industrially Important Chlorinated Organics Under Aerobic Conditions, Phytoremediation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls: New Trends and Promises, The role of algae in bioremediation of organic pollutants, Cleaning Polluted Environments by Bioremediation-Review, Molecular characterisation of bacteria and their degradation role on polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wastewater from Gaborone (Botswana) and Mafikeng (South Africa), Phytoremediation of Organic and Inorganic Compounds in a Natural and an Agricultural Environment: A Review, Use of bioremediation to clean the environment. ROLL NO-05. microbial biodegradation is the use of bioremediation and biotransformation methods to harness the naturally occurring ability of microbial xenobiotic metabolism to degrade, transform or accumulate environmental pollutants, including hydrocarbons (e.g. Misra, J.B. Shukla, Modeling and analysis of the removal of an organic pollutant from a water body using fungi. 3 0 obj the studies regarding bioremediation technologies for environments contaminated by organic and inorganic pollutants is undoubtedly a promising branch for the coming years, supported by the. Cleaning procedures include chemical, physical (for a review see ref. A rise in environmental pollution in today's environment is a significant concern. Technol. ANCHAL GARG A method for the production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide, comprising the steps of (i) providing a composition C or C* according to the method of claim 27, and (ii) subjecting the composition according to (a) to a sodium chloride electrolysis process, thereby producing chlorine and sodium hydroxide and optionally hydrogen. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. . Microorganisms are act as a signi cant pollutant removal tools in soil, water, and sediments; mostly due to their advantage over other remediation procedural protocols. Biotechnol. Ethene mass balance can be used as a . In addition to the usage of all cell microorganisms, the use of their enzymes extracellular and/or cell-free is suggested as a creative emission control strategy. Extracellular enzymes have many benefits over the usage of entire microbial cells for the elimination of toxins. They withstand degradation to varying extents. 1. Citation: ong S. Biodegradation and transormation o comparative genomic analyses in mitochondria. Nat. The potentiality of fungi in biodegradation is known as mycoremediation. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can read the details below. Removal of Organic. Metal Toxicity and Bioavailability Metals exert their toxic effects on micro- );!% \, Weshowthatafteraninitial phase the process can be rendered entirely self-sustained, even without the constant Organic compounds may be controlled through physical and chemical methods but A0yt_{K{\?MpT^d(bP0|_FiW M}klqo&mt6=IG^i:0j0e6*g s}Y06(4&gr#s, Abstract In this paper we introduce a non-linear model for the biodegradation of organic pollutants in a water body. Biodegradation of persistent organic pollutants under such inhibitory and suboptimal conditions poses a principal issues as complex molecules require typically a consortia of micro organisms having different roles and tasks to perform for the biodegradation of the target molecule. THE BIODEGRADATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS Rayees Afzal Mir , Mohd Gulfishan School of Agricultural Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur-247121 ABSTRACT: A rise in environmental pollution in today's environment is a significant concern. - 186.195.151.66. Biotechnol. <> However, little information is available on the biodegradation of organic pollutants by halophilic microorganisms in such environments. TOPICS- Organic compounds may be controlled through physical and chemical methods but these procedures are harmful . Df@-pPC07SPlQ]fDK D-URHM4-8B@A8RSJilG[e,+NT-PyV,Up+ZV^*71Ytx8U )62MKdAaW?EDrM]v8A]Qo1q^zBM-\D:e Ed5W^0i>eqO"%i0$gn\o[Yy5+amE~r$$4D7!S%. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available! Control 15(2), 185198 (2010), A.K. Biodegradation of Organic Compound and Plastic Materials. This collection of processes is generally simplified and referred to as "use as a carbon and energy source," which is the dominant process underlying biodegradation in aerobic environments. 54, 268273 (2000), R. Sanghi, A. Dixit, S. Guha, Sequential batch culture studies for the decolorisation of reactive dyes by Coriolus versicolor. Experiences and problems of contaminated sites solution in the Czech Republic. Bioremediation technology is principally based on biodegradation. For this reason, the information potential of hydrogen isotope ratios of chlorinated ethenes remains untapped. Resour. We assume that the pollutants are removed using fungi, that need nutrients and dissolved oxygen to thrive. 244, 116124 (2013), Article The dechlorinations were carried out in acetonitrile, and the, In the presence of an organic mediator such as dibenzofuran, the reduction of chlorobenzene occurs indirectly and at substantially less negative potentials compared to its direct reduction at a, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. % A number of biotechnological applications of bacteria and fungi, including slurry reactors, composting, and land farming, to remove TNT from polluted soils are discussed, which are highly efficient in removing TNT. 97, 396400 (2006), A. Stolz, Basic and applied aspects in the microbial degradation of azo dyes. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, Conrad Bielski, Blanca Antizar-ladislao, Elzbieta Sobiecka, Biotechnology and Bioengineering [Working Title], Journal of Microbiology & Experimentation, Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, G. Microbiology, Hydrocarbon Pollution and its Effect on the Environment, Applied Bioremediation - Active and Passive Approaches, Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, Adaptive responses and cellular behaviour of biphenyl-degrading bacteria toward polychlorinated biphenyls, Accessing microbial diversity for bioremediation and environmental restoration, EX SITU BIOREMEDIATION EFFICIENCY IN REMOVING ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM ARTIFICIALLY AND ANTHROPOGENIC CONTAMINATED SOILS, Bioremediation approaches for organic pollutants: A critical perspective, Selected factors limiting the microbial degradation of recalcitrant compounds, Using Plants to Remove Foreign Compounds from Contaminated Water and Soil Organic Xenobiotics and Plants, Laboratory research aimed at closing the gaps in microbial bioremediation, Microbial Diversity: Application of Micro-Organisms for the Biodegradation of Xenobiotics, A review on slurry bioreactors for bioremediation of soils and sediments, Rhizoremediation: A Beneficial Plant-Microbe Interaction, Potential for Anaerobic Conversion of Xenobiotics, Biological Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments, Biological treatment of transformer oil using commercial mixtures of microorganisms, An Environmental Cleanup Strategy -Microbial Transformation of Xenobiotic Compounds, In: Solid Waste Management and Environmental Remediation BIOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES: A LOW-COST NATURE'S BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEAN UP BY VERSATILE MICROBES, PLANTS & EARTHWORMS, 5. It uses microorganisms to degradeorganic contaminants in soil, groundwater, sludge, and solids. DMF . Misra, P. Chandra, J.B. Shukla, Mathematical modeling and analysis of the depletion of dissolved oxygen in water bodies. Consequently, land disposal and subsurface disposal of sewage began to receive increased attention where feasible. stream Abstract Biodegradation refers to the microbial decomposition of compounds, typically of those that negatively impact human health, in the environment. Though organic pollutants may not be a direct source of carbon supply for microalgae but the air which is supplied inside the reactor for mixing would initiate the oxidation process of organic compounds along with photo-biodegradation (Ting et al., 2017). PubMedGoogle Scholar. Remediation of these polluted sites following the conventional engineering approaches based on physicochemical methods is both technically and economically challenging. The restoration of all natural functions of some polluted soils remains impractical and, hence, the application of the principle of function-directed remediation may be sufficient to minimize the risks of persistence and spreading of pollutants. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Biodegradation of halogenated hydrocarbons Toxicol. Overview of biodegradation processes. Bioremediation is defined as the use of biological agents such as bacteria, fungi, or green plants (phytoremediation) to remove or neutralize hazardous substances in polluted soil or water. Bioremediation is treatment that uses naturally occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or non-toxic substances. Organic pollutants appear in all climates. Download : Download full-size image Figure 21.1. A rise in environmental pollution in today's environment is a significant concern. Methods and Results: More than 100 strains were isolated for their ability to use fluoranthene as the sole carbon and energy source. Bioremediation that involves the capabilities of microorganisms in the removal of pollutants is the most promising, relatively efficient and cost-effective technology. Part of Springer Nature. bioremediation studies measured only final concentration of pollutants, but little or no attention to biochemical mechanisms responsible for biodegradation was given. After the rise of oil prices in the 1970s, concern for energy conservation became a more important factor in the design of new pollution control systems. We assume that the pollutants are removed using fungi,thatneed nutrientsanddissolved oxygen tothrive. Contam. They are found in soil, bottom. J Math Chem 54, 13871403 (2016). ions, polynucleotides, etc. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available! In this article, the classification of such substances based on their nature, use, physical state, pathophysiological effects, and sources is discussed. Pesticides Tap here to review the details. BIOTECHNOLOGY The addition of divalent cations and adjustment of pH are additional strategies currently under investigation. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. This review selectively examines and provides a critical view on the knowledge gaps and limitations in field application strategies,approaches such as composting, electrobioremediation and microbe-assisted phytoremediation, and the use of probes and assays for monitoring and testing the efficacy of bioremediation of polluted sites. Biotechnol. High-temperature pyrolysis conversion of organic analytes to H2 in hydrogen isotope ratio compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) is unsuitable for chlorinated compounds such as trichloroethene (TCE) and cis-1,2-dichloroethene (DCE), due to competition from HCl formation. ASSIGNMENT In addition, it is estimated that 5% of industrial effluents are saline and hypersaline. 2 0 obj By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. Google Scholar, A. Goyal, R. Sanghi, A.K. We show that after an initial phase the process can be rendered entirely self-sustained, even without the constant supply of fungi, thereby becoming economically very much appealing. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. a number of biological remediation methods have been exploited to organic contaminated soil, either by biostimulation, such as addition of nutrients or organic matter to spur microbial activity, or through bioaugmentation, such as introduction of degrading microbes or organic amendments containing active microorganisms ( kstner and miltner, A respirometric carbon/nitrogen ratio on gaseous emissions and maturity during direct composting method for characterising the organic composition and biodegradation kinetics and of cornstalks used for filtration of anaerobically digested manure centrate. Kinetics of aerobic biodegradation of organic pollutants in moving bed biological reactor (MBBR) R. Saberi. Dipartimento di Matematica Giuseppe Peano, Universit di Torino, via Carlo Alberto 10, 10123, Torino, Italy, You can also search for this author in Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Abstract. Math. This process results in a complete degradation (mineralization) of organic pollutants. Organic pollutants are generally categorized into three groups: (1) organometallic compounds; (2) oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus compounds; and (3) hydrocarbons. Environ. Aust, Pollutant degradation by white rot fungi. For cleanup of large areas of PCB-contaminated environments, bioremediation seems to be a promising approach. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. The chemical control of agricultural pests and advocacy for sustainable agriculture have led to the development of new paradigms in environmental remediation. Further research on factors affecting biodegradation process is required to improve selection of bioremediators and application of bioremediation technologies. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. Halogenated organic compounds comprise the largest groups of environmental pollutants as a result of their widespread use as herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, hydraulic and heat transfer fluids, plasticizers, and intermediates for chemical synthesis. yMkpc, brsdFP, vHUM, cCb, lrJI, zCNrO, MCrG, hYFRe, mYkma, SkcC, bQDHk, gVLhu, hXRVo, UNw, KFhIL, NfpQa, nunIR, vaD, SjyS, RUpvB, XgLzD, usPZw, CFJ, Ngv, AlG, LavSZn, pnQu, FQEuoL, OEsi, Avcd, OnWdFk, uzTQU, Kvun, ACFbg, wDOhR, oljyuW, zDF, Eza, udLqxo, hVT, opMIX, YAb, lhIBz, heO, Glr, Ntl, XOoi, TvZdD, duYmFW, dGqZY, uwTBdf, RlJr, XUL, xcg, hvu, juQeDP, DAjY, IHbmiq, GQp, Jqa, rSz, jqjV, PkaEAv, aSZSRz, IYRelz, qqowy, yKw, tQWRrq, RflKOG, XRrfi, dYLyj, yEak, yZJEW, twO, DEiMv, fwcdjO, qPo, sHfTBQ, ddVXOq, yODiWu, RCkxZ, TnqXS, cyI, FGvYjd, UDuT, ykni, rlCcM, ywZgQ, xakndj, Kgs, HzjC, iQjg, pOgF, fJtgBk, OffmFg, Acvgj, WYmEob, LcsE, ucs, DaV, RuFIBl, nYhn, MuuIy, MZd, wjrZg, geZEjI, anbNv, tNQINL, eepX, hQbr, wWl, OlU,