The maximum rebate amount is: $1,200 for Wi-Fi enabled charging stations. Some types of voltmeter have a pointer on a dial, but most have a digital readout. This type of charging is ideal for roadside stops, or retail where you may not be parked for too long or need to get back on the road. Now, lets explain how voltage level and current affect the EV charge rate. & \textrm{overall:} &\quad & \mathrm{Cr_2O_7^{2-}(aq)} + \mathrm{6Br^{-}(aq)} + \mathrm{14H^+(aq)} \rightarrow \mathrm{2Cr^{3+}(aq)} + \mathrm{3Br_2(aq)} +\mathrm{7H_2O(l)} As a result, its important to check charger product descriptions and know your input power requirements and what output power you need for your laptop. Instead, we will Laptop chargers and adaptors convert, and then deliver, specific input power options for laptops. \begin{align} Level 1 chargers are fine, but there are some merits to investing in a level 2 charging station. If you require a new laptop charger and are choosing a universal charger, its important to know that it caters to your laptop. Thus \(G^o\) is 168 kJ/mol for the reaction as written, and the reaction is spontaneous. Knowing which voltage is best to charge an EV shouldnt be overcomplicated. Suppose you want to prepare elemental bromine from bromide using the dichromate ion as an oxidant. ISO 15118 is a Vehicle to Grid (V2G) communication interface that allows for bi-directional charging/discharging ofelectric vehicles. WebAGM battery voltage may depend on the specific model and the manufacturer. Still following? Suppose you took our advice and asked a local installer to upgrade your EV charging station to level 2. The son of a blacksmith, Faraday was self-educated and became an apprentice bookbinder at age 14 before turning to science. Using the data in Table P2, calculate the free-energy change (G) for this redox reaction under standard conditions. The change in free energy (\(\Delta{G}\)) is also a measure of the maximum amount of work that can be performed during a chemical process (\(G = w_{max}\)). However, there are some things that you should know about universal laptop chargers and laptop chargers in general. Compared with Level 1 charging, a Level 2 charge takes about half the time - providing about 180 miles of range over an eight-hour overnight charging period. Long drives (we recommend sticking to Level 1 or 2 chargers for personal use). The limited output power limits the number of devices that this universal charger works with. And, from looking at the underside of my laptop, I can see that I need an input voltage of +19V: As you can see, the ASUS Vivobook requires a charger that delivers at least 19V DC at 2.37 amps, with the overall wattage / power requirement being 45W (this is the power rating of the device). Victron Energy B.V. De Paal 35 1351 JG Almere The Netherlands. Our third-generation SiC technology ensures the greatest power density and energy efficiency, resulting in superior vehicle performance, range and charge time, The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. So if the battery capacity of your 2021 Mustang Mach-E is 88kWh, youre looking at days to charge, not hours. Furthermore, older European Teslas were retrofitted with adapters to support the existing connector plus the standard CCS type 2. Hopefully, those insights and information have already served of great value to you. Is it because they ruin your batteries? A spontaneous redox reaction is characterized by a negative value of G, which corresponds to a positive value of Ecell. But why are you not encouraging DC fast-charging stations? WebVoltage is often used as a shorthand term for voltage difference, which is another name for potential difference.Voltage measures the energy that a charge will get if it moves between two points in space. Solving Equation \(\ref{20.5.13}\) for log K and inserting the values of \(n\) and \(E^o\), \[\begin{align*}\log K & =\dfrac{nE^\circ}{\textrm{0.0591 V}}=\dfrac{2(\textrm{2.05 V})}{\textrm{0.0591 V}}=69.37 \\[4pt] This value of \(E^o\) is very different from the value that is obtained by simply adding the potentials for the two half-reactions (0.32 V) and even has the opposite sign. This is useful because if you need to replace the charger you can simply reference the output power requirements on the charger. Especially since most homes in North America receive power at 240V anyway. WebNow use this charge value to determine the calculated voltage at all other spacings. You should be able to see your laptops amp requirements on the underside of your laptop or you may need to search online. To use cell potentials to calculate solution concentrations. The Blue Smart IP65 Charger can be used on devices in your workshop and on motor vehicles, such as (classic) cars; motorbikes; boats and camper-vans. Answer (1 of 14): Voltage is simply the energy of the charge and dont confuse charge with electrons.Charge is a just a property like mass which everything in this universe When you login first time using a Social Login button, we collect your account public profile information shared by Social Login provider, based on your privacy settings. The number of plug-in electric vehicles on the road in the United States is increasing. As yet, its unclear when Kia will update the EV6 with the new hardware (perhaps during the 2023 model year changeover), let alone the variants getting it or its availability for the Malaysian market. The downside of EV charging with a 110v outlet is that it takes a while. Using the power formula, we can determine the kW charging rate of your charging station. I researched over a thousand laptops to find out how many watts a laptop actually uses and to give energy efficiency insights. Voltage is a measure of the difference in electrical energy between two parts of a circuit. Power is the rate at which energy expended in the circuit, while Energy is the total amount of work done over Sometimes it is called a voltage drop. Many universal laptops can deliver different output voltages. Please send any tips or suggestions, or dog photos to him at [emailprotected], Stay up to date with the latest content by, Electric Vehicle Price Guide best prices for dealers in the US, Electric vehicle charging level standards, Electric vehicle charging standards for connectors, saw this at a buddies apartment gave me a good laugh, Ioniq 5 charged from 22% to 80% in just 16 minutes, testing the connector adapter in the Korean market, EVgo announced it would be bringing Tesla compatible connectors, will begin sharing its EV network with other EVs, Tesla Cybertruck body spotted ahead of production start, Electreks vehicle of the year is the svelte $25K Chevy Bolt, Weird Alibaba: Ordering a giant cement mixer electric truck online is the future, today, 2022 was Teslas best year ever, but not for its stock (TSLA), and investors are not happy, Subscribe to Electrek on YouTube for exclusive videos. Solar Charge Controller . It answers the question: Why do DCFC charge the quickest (10 min. Raising the voltage above 4.20V/cell would shorten the life. Then use Equation 17.2.7 to calculate Go. EV, consumers rightfully think about destination charging - meaning where and how to charge the car while traveling. V = 2 - 1. In this post youll get key laptop charger voltage details, see how you can find your voltage requirements to help you ensure safety when choosing a laptop charger, and access 10 easy to implement energy saving tips for laptops. For the sake of explanation, lets refer to them as DC fast chargers (DCFCs). The bigger the difference in energy, the bigger the voltage. WebThe U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies Office seeks feedback on the cost and value of use, collection, and sharing of data on performance of solar photovoltaic systems and their components. If we look at the formula for voltage and solve it for energy, we get E=qV Typically we would just put in the value for the charge in Coulombs and the Voltage in Volts. This is another discussion for another time. In California, pay-as-you-go DC-fast chargers cost 40 cents per kWh, while level 2 chargers charge 30 cents per kWh. This section touches on the technical fundamentals concerning EV charging time and voltage. Work is expressed as a negative number because work is being done by a system (an electrochemical cell with a positive potential) on its surroundings. Voltage measures the energy carried by the charge flowing in a circuit. While we agree that having a Level 1 charger at home and access to public EV charging stations is enough to satisfy the basic daily charging needs of 92% of U.S. drivers, having access to level 2 chargers offers two things: For example, California Utility PG&E encourages EV customers to charge their electric cars during off-peak hours between 12 a.m. and 3 p.m. Alternatively, charging your EV during peak (4 9 p.m.) and partial-peak (3 4 p.m. and 9 p.m. 12 a.m.) hours would lead to electricity rates that are twice as expensive. It should be noted that SiC power modules are already being used in E-GMP products on the rear motor, whereas the front motor gets regular silicon for cost reasons. Voltage - the electric potential between one place and another. For example, the potential for the reduction of \(\ce{Fe^{3+}(aq)}\) to \(\ce{Fe(s)}\) is not listed in the table, but two related reductions are given: \[\ce{Fe^{3+}(aq) + e^{} -> Fe^{2+}(aq)} \;\;\;E^ = +0.77 V \label{20.5.6} \], \[\ce{Fe^{2+}(aq) + 2e^{} -> Fe(s)} \;\;\;E^ = 0.45 V \label{20.5.7} \]. Sometimes emails like these end up in junk folders, so please check there too. The vast majority of power grids around the world deliver voltage that ranges between 100-240V. &\quad & E^\circ_{\textrm{anode}} =\textrm{1.09 V} \\[4pt] \hline B Two electrons are transferred in the overall reaction, so \(n = 2\). For further information or to enroll in one of the rate plans below, please contact us at (734) 213-9877 . is a measure of the difference in electrical energy between two parts of a circuit. )%2FUnit_4%253A_Equilibrium_in_Chemical_Reactions%2F17%253A_Electrochemistry%2F17.2%253A_The_Gibbs_Free_Energy_and_Cell_Voltage, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 17.3: Concentration Effects and the Nernst Equation, The Relationship between Cell Potential & Gibbs Energy, Potentials for the Sums of Half-Reactions, The Relationship between Cell Potential & the Equilibrium Constant, Relating G and Ecell(opens in new window), Electrode Potentials and Ecell(opens in new window), status page at https://status.libretexts.org. \\[4pt] &=9.64833212\times10^4\textrm{ C/mol e}^- \\[4pt] &\simeq 96,485\, J/(\mathrm{V\cdot mol\;e^-})\end{align} \label{20.5.2} \]. Capacitor charge and energy formula and equations with calculation examples. How to add more solar panels to an existing system, Up to four times faster charging time than level 1. For example, HP laptops have a different port than Dell laptops. With so many EV chargers on the market, it is important to know what to look for. A coulomb (C) relates electrical potential, expressed in volts, and energy, expressed in joules. Use the data in Table P2 to calculate \(G^o\) for the reduction of ferric ion by iodide: \[\ce{2Fe^{3+}(aq) + 2I^{}(aq) 2Fe^{2+}(aq) + I2(s)}\nonumber \], Relating G and Ecell: Relating G and Ecell(opens in new window) [youtu.be]. Then use Equation \ref{20.5.5} to calculate \(G^o\). As a result, Plug and Charge eliminates the need for various swipe cards, fobs, or phone apps required by different charging networks pone might face on a given route. Do they shorten the lifespan of your EV batteries? Therefore, potential difference, Current is the rate of charge flow. There are two main types: AC charging stations and DC A Level 2 Charger will need to be installed with the help of an electrician and it can be placed in a location that makes at-home charging even easier. The total charge transferred from the reductant to the oxidant is therefore \(nF\), where \(n\) is the number of moles of electrons. For example, \(230V\) is a bigger voltage than \(12V\). WebElectrical energy is energy related to forces on electrically charged particles and the movement of electrically charged particles (often electrons in wires, but not always). CHAdeMO-equipped EVs require an additional J1772 connector cord to achieve Level 1 or 2 charging. Find a dealer nearby. $$E=\frac Fq=\frac Vd$$ This charger lists the output power. This continuous movement of electric charge through the conductors of a circuit is called a current, and it is often referred to in terms of flow, just like the flow of a liquid through a hollow pipe. This proprietary connector exists on all Tesla models in North America, although it does offer CHAdeMO and CCS adapter for certain markets. Report your answer to two significant figures. Therefore, well share our primary considerations when choosing the best voltage to charge your EV. However, others with long commutes or who drive for work need more rangemay prefer to invest in a 240v,Level 2 wall-mounted charger. This website is supported by its readers - articles may contain affiliate links, which means that if you choose to make a purchase this site may earn a small commission at no extra cost to you. It is equal to the amount of work done when a force of 1 newton displaces a mass through a distance of 1 metre in the direction of the force applied. This model typically applies when charge carriers have been emitted from some region of a solidthe cloud of emitted As a result, the CHAdeMO connector remains affluent in Japan and on EVs from Japanese manufacturers. Determine the number of electrons transferred in the overall reaction. A spontaneous redox reaction is therefore characterized by a negative value of \(\Delta{G}\) and a positive value of \(E^_{cell}\), consistent with our earlier discussions. Many (most) alt-energy systems incorporate a DC-shunt which keeps track of SOC by monitoring the current flow in and out of the battery or battery bank, which is a very accurate way to track state-of-charge. Laptop charger voltage requirements differ. WebThe low voltage variant is called charge pump. Direct current is defined by the constant flow of electrons (see Many other retailers offer the same service. ome models can also be set up to resume charging automatically when the power comes back on. WebAny of the three Time-of-Use pricing options shown below could help you save on your energy cost for charging your EV, compared to being on the standard residential rate of 15 cents per kWh. The Kia EV6 is poised to get even more range and even faster charging thanks to a new silicon carbide-based power module that can support up to 1,200V of electricity. Updated: Dec 4, 2022 / 11:58 PM EST. Voltage is measured in volts. Where to begin? Relationship between Energy Transferred, Current, Voltage and Time The potential difference or voltage, V across two points is defined as the energy, E dissipated or transferred by a coulomb of charge, Q that moves through the two points. WebDirect current (DC) is an electric current that is uni-directional, so the flow of charge is always in the same direction. No appliance upgrades or investments are required, just follow these 6 tips to reduce your bills & carbon footprint. High School Physics Electricity and Magnetism example problem. &\quad & E^\circ_{\textrm{cathode}} =\textrm{1.36 V} \\ Level 2 charging is quicker, almost as if the voltage is doubled! Heat - Heat or thermal energy is energy from the movement of atoms or molecules. It is also the energy dissipated as heat when an electric Gustav has a Bachelor of Engineering and is currently practicing as a senior-level electrical engineer specializing in research. The faraday (F) is Avogadros number multiplied by the charge on an electron and corresponds to the charge on 1 mol of electrons. 2 is the electric potential at point #2 in volts (V). WebA solar charger gathers energy from your solar panels, and stores it in your batteries. The Kia EV6 is poised to get even more range and even faster charging thanks to a new silicon carbide-based power module that can support up to 1,200V of electricity. The latest drive modules are already in production and support up to 1,200V (the EV6 currently has an 800V electrical architecture), direct liquid cooling, a pin-fin array for heat dissipation, active metal based (AMB) substrates and either screwed or welded busbars in different lengths. There are laptop chargers that offer a wider input voltage ranging from 95-250V, but these are a lot less common. Based on laptop power consumption tests, get the actual answer to: how many watts does a laptop use? Our tips from experts and exam survivors will help you through. If \(G^o\) is negative, then the reaction is spontaneous. . This helped Tesla owners utilize the growing charger network overseas. Use Equation \(\ref{20.5.13}\) to solve for \(\log K\) and then \(K\). Power Formula V (volts) x I (amps) = P (watts). The input voltage (and overall power specs) of the laptop should be the same as the output voltage (and overall power specs) of the charger. DC-fast chargers cost 40 cents per kWh, while level 2 chargers charge 30 cents per kWh. When the battery is full, it sends only a trickle of power to keep a full charge. The power supply ports tend to be different too. For example, its Model 3 was built with a CCS connector for Europe. Finally, check that the universal charger has a suitable power port connector. In chemical reactions, however, we need to relate the coulomb to the charge on a mole of electrons. the chargers input power) into a DC power supply (i.e. \ce{Fe^{2+}(aq)}+\ce{2e^-} &\rightarrow\ce{Fe(s)} &\quad\Delta G^\circ &=-(2)(F)(-\textrm{0.45 V})\\[4pt] & & E^\circ_\textrm{cell}=\textrm{2.05 V} \end{align*} \nonumber \]. For instance, we agree with some of you that DCFCs are the most convenient chargers because you can charge your Tesla Model 3 or Y fully in only 10 to 30 minutes at that level. This connector is the preferred mode of charging amongst European and American automakers, including BMW, Ford, Jaguar, GM, Polestar, Volkswagen, and even Tesla. He believes that, with a bit of help, a well-informed decision is rewarding to make, it saves you money, and it is a win-win for all - the planet included. We also get your email address to automatically create an account for you in our website. Fd&=qV We think it stems from the fact that most of us perceive charging time as a disadvantage of owning an EV compared to traditional fossil fuel vehicles. The chargers that are shipped with laptops vary and usually dont work with other laptop brands. \end{align*} \nonumber \]. WebVoltage is the measure of specific potential energy (potential energy per unit charge) between two locations. Faraday was a British physicist and chemist who was arguably one of the greatest experimental scientists in history. The downside of EV charging with a 110v outlet is that it takes a while. DC fast chargers can offer 50-350 kW of power; some in Europe are even reaching 400 kW. Every 0.10V drop below 4.20V/cell doubles the cycle but holds less capacity. There are several (equivalent) ways to look at this. One is to say that for any conservative force $\mathbf{F}$ , one can define the potential e Did you know universal chargers are not exactly universal? To obtain the value of \(E^o\) for the overall half-reaction, we first must add the values of \(G^o (= nFE^o)\) for each individual half-reaction to obtain \(G^o\) for the overall half-reaction: \[\begin{align*}\ce{Fe^{3+}(aq)} + \ce{e^-} &\rightarrow \ce\mathrm{Fe^{2+}(aq)} &\quad \Delta G^\circ &=-(1)(F)(\textrm{0.77 V})\\[4pt] Here are some key terms you will come across daily, so be sure to study up. WebIf all EV chargers sold in the U.S. met ENERGY STAR requirements, the savings in energy costs would grow to more than $17 million and 280 million pounds of greenhouse gas emissions would be avoided. In a voltaic pile, these particles move from one metal to the other through a solution called the electrolyte. From day one, Tesla has chosen to pave its own way in the EV industry, and that is no different with its Supercharger connector. WebElectrical energy is distributed as alternating current because AC voltage may be increased or decreased with a transformer.This allows the power to be transmitted through power lines efficiently at high voltage, which reduces the energy lost as heat due to resistance of the wire, and transformed to a lower, safer, voltage for use. The voltage is defined as the work or energy required to move a unit charge from one point to another in an electric circuit. According to what we found, there are seven times as many public level 2 charger stations (42,103 station locations) in the united states right now than DC fast-chargers (6,130 station locations). Climatebiz experts design, research, fact-check & edit all work meticulously. Report your answer to two significant figures. charge your Tesla Model 3 or Y fully in only 10 to 30 minutes. If you are looking to buy a new laptop charger, dont forget to recycle your old one. This is generally fairly easy for an electrician or specialist to come and install. A current of 5 A flows through an electric heater when it is connected to a 240 V mains supply. Your power supply charges include the costs to create and move the electricity over high-voltage transmission lines. Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable EnergyForrestal Building1000 Independence Avenue, SWWashington, DC 20585. Laptop chargers convert AC electricity from standard outlets (i.e. F(\textrm{0.13 V}) & =-(3)(F)(E^\circ_{\textrm{cell}}) \\[4pt] Not all chargers, however, deliver a suitable voltage for all laptops. Furthermore, each will be preferential at some point given your driving circumstances on a given day. We may earn an affiliate commission when you buy through links on our site. operation for times when electricity is cheaper. The product of the cell potential and the total charge is the maximum amount of energy available to do work, which is related to the change in free energy that occurs during the chemical process. We can now calculate G using Equation \(\ref{20.5.5}\). These are not 100% universal, but they cater to enough laptop models that manufacturers feel they can make the claim. Well, it depends on what you value and how much you are willing to spend. This is the so-called multi-stage charging. Thus \(E^_{cell}\) is directly proportional to the logarithm of the equilibrium constant. Right now, putting up infrastructures to support 480V chargers is very expensive. Once your account is created, you'll be logged-in to this account. For example, at the 5mm spacing, use the formula V=Q/C thus: V=2700x10 -12C/94.0x10 -12F=28.7V. When hes not offering the latest tech how tos or insights, hes probably watching Chicago sports. Please check your inbox for a confirmation email. Check out the 10 easy to implement tips to reduce your laptop electricity costs, here. Using the 5% metric, it is possible to expect the EV6s range to be boosted from 508km on the GT-Line AWD to 533km. & & \mathrm{Pb(s)}+\mathrm{SO_4^{2-}(aq)}\rightarrow\mathrm{PbSO_4(s)}+\mathrm{2e^-} Here are a few factors to consider: Subscribe to receive updates from Energy Saver, including new blogs, updated content, and seasonal energy saving tips for consumers and homeowners. Electric potential energy, we're comparing charges at points in space. His experiments in electricity and magnetism made electricity a routine tool in science and led to both the electric motor and the electric generator. 6,301. One of Amazons best selling and highest rated universal laptop chargers is suitable for a very wide variety of laptops check it out on Amazon, here, or Walmart, here. The cooperation between our two companies has realised a significant step towards more sustainable electric vehicles, leveraging STs continuous technological investment to be the leading semiconductor actor in the electrification revolution.. Learn. & \textrm{cathode:} &\quad & \mathrm{Cr_2O_7^{2-}(aq)} + \mathrm{14H^+(aq)}+\mathrm{6e^-}\rightarrow \mathrm{2Cr^{3+}(aq)} +\mathrm{7H_2O(l)} Level 1 charging provides approximately four to five miles of range per hour charged. hoose a model that is easy to use. Set Points: Luckily there is a vast library of public charging maps for you to utilize, usually in app form. For \(T = 298\, K\), Equation \(\ref{20.5.12B}\) can be simplified as follows: \[ \begin{align} E^\circ_{\textrm{cell}} &=\left(\dfrac{RT}{nF}\right)\ln K \\[4pt] &=\left[ \dfrac{[8.314\;\mathrm{J/(mol\cdot K})(\textrm{298 K})]}{n[96,485\;\mathrm{J/(V\cdot mol)}]}\right]2.303 \log K \\[4pt] &=\left(\dfrac{\textrm{0.0592 V}}{n}\right)\log K \label{20.5.13} \end{align} \]. Our third-generationSiCtechnology ensures the greatest power density and energy efficiency, resulting in superior vehicle performance, range and charge time, said STs Automotive and Discrete Group president Marco Monti. \end{align*} \nonumber \]. Voltage (also known as electric potential difference, electromotive force emf, electric pressure, or electric tension) is defined as the electric potential difference per unit These Level 3 chargers abandon the alternating current (AC) methods above to mainline power directly from the grid. Depending on the power available, a Level 3 charger can fully replenish your EV in twenty to thirty minutes. Bottom line: We can conclude that voltage and current determine the charging speed of an EV charging station. field test. Other than lead acid batteries, you must also consider a solar charge controller. For more detailed information, check out our Tesla Supercharger guide. Given the trade-offs of choosing chargers at the ends of the spectrum, we think that choosing the best voltage to charge an EV becomes a Goldilocks exercise where the middle option (208V-240V) is your best bet. you dont have to worry too much about 480V chargers ruining your EV battery too early. These chargers are the most common type found at public charging stations. Its important to note that not all EVs are currently equipped for DC fast charging, although most all new EVs hitting roads do. Determine the number of electrons transferred in the overall reaction. Laptop charger voltage is usually 100-240V AC (input) delivering a 19V DC output. People looking for laptop charger voltage requirements tend to be in the market for a new laptop charger. But what we do want to point out are the current limitations of DC fast-chargers. Current is the rate of charge flow. Unfortunately, these criteria apply only to systems in which all reactants and products are present in their standard states, a situation that is seldom encountered in the real world. Youll most likely have a 50/60Hz supply and universal chargers tend to always cater to that. DC fast-chargers you should be aware of is that they are not as common as the other EV charger levels, How to prevent your tesla from being stolen, Electric vs. Want to make bigger cost and carbon footprint savings? Scooter Doll is a writer, designer and tech enthusiast born in Chicago and based on the West Coast. Asked for: \(G^o\) for the reaction and spontaneity. Access to workplace/public charging stations; Readiness of your home to accommodate high voltage charging stations (greater than 120V), Less worrying about not meeting your desired. However, there is a distinct possibility that the new modules will also find their way to the rear motor, enabling Kia to move the EV6 onto a 1,200V architecture for even faster charging. &\quad & E^\circ_{\textrm{cell}} =\textrm{0.27 V} The tier system starts with the lowest charging at Level 1 and gets faster from there. These charging connectors vary by electric vehicle and are separated into two categories The standard Level 1 and Level 2 connector, and DC fast charging connectors. Therefore, a typical level 2 charger can provide 6.2 kWh to 7.2 kWh of energy per hour, as shown in computations below: By now, it should be evident that estimating the charge rate of your EV charger boils down to knowing basic electrical engineering formulas and simple arithmetic. If your charger doesnt have its voltage listed, its still very easy to identify your laptop charger voltage requirements. After all, choosing the best electric car charging voltage is often a trade-off between convenience and cost. Adding together the G values for the half-reactions gives G for the overall reaction, which is proportional to both the potential and the number of electrons (n) transferred. This is the first of three types of connectors currently present on EVs and first introduced. It can slightly stress your EV battery depending on the maximum charge rate. to 30 min.) Sidenote: the voltage multiplied by the amps will give the power. The Blue Smart IP65 Charger is the new professional battery charger with built-in Bluetooth. Read about our approach to external linking. Regardless of the other connectors and their compatibility, Teslas Supercharger network already features over 20,000 charging stalls at over 2,100 stations around the world. WebVoltage, Current, and Resistance An electric circuit is formed when a conductive path is created to allow electric charge to continuously move. To do this, simply identify your mains voltage (a quick search online should be sufficient) and your laptops voltage requirements (it should be noted on a sticker on the underside of your laptop or you can simply look online / check the manual). The more cells, the bigger the voltage. How much heat is released after 2 minutes? All mass-produced electric vehicles today include a 110-volt-compatible (Level 1) charging unit which is able to be plugged into any standard 110v household outlet. & & E^\circ_\textrm{cathode}=\textrm{1.69 V} \\[4pt] If not, here are some other resources to check out: FTC: We use income earning auto affiliate links. Hyundais Ioniq 5 charged from 22% to 80% in just 16 minutes, so these fast charge numbers grow quicker by the day. WebThe joule (/ d u l / JOOL, also non-standard / d a l / JOWL; [disputed discuss] symbol: J) is the unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI). In all cases, energy densities were below 75 Wh/kg. Try to find a home charger with a holster that holds everything in place. WebFree online capacitor charge and capacitor energy calculator to calculate the energy & charge of any capacitor given its capacitance and voltage. From the relevant half-reactions and the corresponding values of \(E^o\), write the overall reaction and calculate \(E^_{cell}\). Current is a flow of electrical charge. Agm battery minimum voltage is at 12 volts, meaning it can produce 12 volts when fully charged. Voltage, as an expression of potential energy, is always relative between two locations, or points. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. The bigger the difference in energy, the bigger the voltage. Can you connect solar panels directly to a battery? Many EV automakers suggest owners install a Level 2 charger in their home or garage if they can. This, as mentioned, is a common input voltage requirement for laptops. & & E^\circ_\textrm{anode}=-\textrm{0.36 V} \\[4pt] \hline How much energy does a 1.5 V battery give 2.0 C of Charge? However, many people still tend to over-worry about this. This may be why it is the most common charger out there while we wait for DCFCs to become more viable for mass production. ), Charging Your EV With Solar Panels (Homeowners guide), How to build a DIY battery bank (a complete guide), Solar panels and tree shading (why they dont work together). 11.5 hours sounds a lot better than 63 hours, no? First, we want to clarify that it is fine to charge your EV at any voltage level, namely: But, the main difference you should be aware of is that the higher the charging voltage level you use, the quicker you can fill up your EV battery State of Charge. In short, the nominal voltage is simply used as an approximate voltage to help you match equipment more conveniently. Sang-Cheol Shin from Hyundais Inverter Engineering Design Team added: STsSiC-MOSFET based power modules are the right choice for our traction inverters, enabling longer range. Using water pipe analogy, we can visualize the voltage as height difference that makes the water flow down. How to identify your laptop charger voltage requirements, Reduce your laptop running costs and carbon footprint, How Many Watts Does A Laptop Use? When both reactants and products are in their standard states, the relationship between G and \(E^_{cell}\) is as follows: \[\Delta{G^} = nFE^_{cell} \label{20.5.5} \]. Outlets and batteries both have voltages that are associated with them. As we mentioned, there are three charger levels. Voltage is measured in volts. Then, if you look at the specs of your brand new level 2 EV charger, you can find its voltage and ampere ratings. Simple Charging System TestsChecking Base Voltage. Turn on the high beams for ten seconds to remove any surface charge. Measuring Charging System No-Load Voltage. Next, measure system voltage output without current draw (all accessories turned off). Measuring Charging System Load Voltage. Testing for Alternator Current Leak. Charging System Voltage Drop Test. \frac Fq&=\frac Vd \\ It is denoted by the symbol V (constant voltage) and The Volt is based on Energy. Such limitations decrease the energy a Li-ion battery can hold to roughly 80% instead of the customary 100%. Stop wasting 28% of your electricity, start saving $32.28 per month get the 6 Quick Wins Cheat Sheet: Get the6 Quick Wins Cheat Sheet. WebSolar Energy 101. The Victron Energy SmartSolar charge controller will even recharge a severely depleted battery. Plus, get key laptop wattage details, running costs & get 10 effective cost saving tips, here. To understand the relationship between cell potential and the equilibrium constant. leave the cable hanging loosely while its not in use. Whether its the cord provided with the purchase of your EV or the Level 2 charger outside of Whole Foods, the J1772 is going to connect. while it takes a Level 1 charger 50-80 hours to charge your EV fully? WebIn these videos and articles the definition of electric charge will be given as well as a discussion of the law of conservation of charge. The reaction is as follows: \[\ce{2Sn^{2+}(aq) + O2(g) + 4H^{+}(aq) <=> 2Sn^{4+}(aq) + 2H2O(l)} \nonumber \]. & \textrm{anode:} still need a 240-volt outlet for operatio, If the chosen model is not portable, it is important, Be mindful that other EVs maybe need to be charged with this station in the future , s, an EV charger that is narrow and offers a snug fi, Weatherproof: If the home charging station. Selecting the one most suitable for your needs depends on: The table below summarizes your key considerations when choosing an EV charging station. Let the following serve as a guide, offering all you need to know about the various charging options out there and how they differ. The input amperage and frequency requirement is 1.0A and 50/60Hz respectively. \ce{Fe^{3+}(aq)}+\ce{3e^-} &\rightarrow \ce{Fe(s)} &\quad\Delta G^\circ & =[-(1)(F)(\textrm{0.77 V})]+[-(2)(F)(-\textrm{0.45 V})] \end{align*} \nonumber \]. In our opinion, DCFC chargers are the best if you have access to them and are willing to pay an add-on premium. Laptop charger output power should match the laptops input power requirements, including its voltage requirement. This means that most laptop chargers convert mains electricity, that have voltages between 100V ( 110V is common in the US) and 240V (common in the UK), into 19V to power the laptop and charge its battery. Large equilibrium constants correspond to large positive values of E. Most recently, Tesla CEO Elon Musk has shared that the American automaker will begin sharing its EV network with other EVs later in 2021. Knowing the basic tenets of electrical circuits will be helpful in the upcoming discussion. Continue reading for more details including how you can find your laptops voltage and overall power supply requirements, and how you can reduce the impact your laptop is having on your electric bill and carbon footprint. with $V$=voltage, $d$=distance between charged plates Determine the number of electrons transferred in the overall reaction. A more generally useful relationship between cell potential and reactant and product concentrations, as we are about to see, uses the relationship between \(\Delta{G}\) and the reaction quotient \(Q\). Charge Level 2 240V Level 2 charging is quicker, almost as if the voltage is doubled! Then, if you look at the specs of your brand new level 2 EV charger, you can find its voltage and ampere ratings. Voltage is defined as potential energy per charge: V = E q. WebElectrons are negatively charged particles and they transfer electrical energy from a cell, through conducting wires, as an electric current. As InsideEVs notes, this likely means the new power modules are destined for the front motor to replace the silicon-based units, meaning that only all-wheel-drive models (like the Malaysian-spec EV6 GT-Line AWD) will benefit from this move. But again, its best to verify. From these, obtain the overall reaction and \(E^o_{cell}\). In laymans terms, it is the measure of push available to motivate the charge. If Oof! The Volt is based on Energy. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Climatebiz is reader-supported. The symbol for volts is \(V\). As more and more consumers make the green decision to forego their combustion engines for electric vehicles, they may not be as in tune with charging standards. Skip to content +1 (415)-453-9955 info@berkeleynucleonics.com It is a scheme for power extraction from nuclear fusion. Current - the current & & \mathrm{PbO_2(s)}+\mathrm{SO_4^{2-}(aq)}+\mathrm{4H^+(aq)}+\mathrm{2e^-}\rightarrow\mathrm{PbSO_4(s)}+\mathrm{2H_2O(l)} Relationship between Energy Transferred, Current, Voltage and Time Problems with Solutions. And as youll see there, it has various output voltages, high energy conversion efficiency, and built-in overload / over-voltage protection. Its more important, from a safety perspective, to check that the charger amperage matches up with your laptops amp requirements. WebSolar-cell efficiency refers to the portion of energy in the form of sunlight that can be converted via photovoltaics into electricity by the solar cell.. Their excellent stability, however, was achieved at the expense of voltage (<1.25 V) and energy density (<50 Wh/kg). The efficiency of the solar cells used in a photovoltaic system, in combination with latitude and climate, determines the annual energy output of the system.For example, a solar panel with 20% efficiency and an area of Typical Level 1 EV charging station ampere rating 12 amps to 16 amps, Typical Level 1 EV charging station voltage rating 120 volts. WebAnother example of a depletion region occurs in the MOS capacitor.It is shown in the figure to the right, for a P-type substrate. for inputs as well as output (J, kJ, MJ, Cal, kCal, eV, keV, C, kC, MC). Learn More GSA Seeks Information from Industry on Domestic Solar Panel Production. Because the equilibrium constant K is related to G, Ecell and K are also related. The current generated from a redox reaction is measured in amperes (A), where 1 A is defined as the flow of 1 C/s past a given point. SmartSolar maintains battery health, extending its life. Compared with Level 1 charging, a Level 2 charge takes about half the time - providing about 180 miles of range over an eight-hour overnight charging period. In fact, most of the specialized terms introduced in this chapter (electrode, anode, cathode, and so forth) are due to Faraday. WebGustav Kirchhoffs Voltage Law is the second of his fundamental laws we can use for circuit analysis. His voltage law states that for a closed loop series path the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero.This is because a circuit loop is a closed conducting path so no energy is lost. Why we recommend level 2 voltage chargers; How voltage affects the rate of charging; Why you shouldnt worry too much about high voltage DC fast-chargers (DCFC) ruining your EV batteries. WebThe SmartSolar MPPT RS solar charge controllers are Victron's solution for systems with large series connected PV arrays charging 48 V DC battery banks. Either way, it shouldnt be too tough to find a plug in any home or garage, which is nice. What Voltage Should I Charge My Electric Car? While they require a lot more power (480+ volts and 100+ amps), their output is truly super.. The downside of EV charging with a 110v outlet is that it takes a while. Recall that for a general reaction of the type \(aA + bB \rightarrow cC + dD\), the standard free-energy change and the equilibrium constant are related by the following equation: \[\Delta{G} = RT \ln K \label{20.5.10} \], Given the relationship between the standard free-energy change and the standard cell potential (Equation \(\ref{20.5.5}\)), we can write, \[nFE^_{cell} = RT \ln K \label{20.5.12} \], \[E^\circ_{\textrm{cell}}= \left( \dfrac{RT}{nF} \right) \ln K \label{20.5.12B} \]. So you know what level youre planning to charge at, and youve identified your proper connector. When the voltage of a battery reaches a certain value, the controller protects the battery from overcharging by reducing the power. When the voltage of a battery drops because of a large sum of power consumption, the controller will allow bulk charging again. Regardless of whether youre on an AC or DC charger offering any of the connectors above, its important to learn about ISO 15118 and the Plug and Charge capabilities currently being offered by more and more EV automakers. Level 2 chargers solve this problem by giving you 4x the charging speed without breaking the bank. Laptop input power requirements are nearly universal due to the range that most laptop chargers cater to. Values of \(E^o\) for half-reactions cannot be added to give \(E^o\) for the sum of the half-reactions; only values of \(G^o = nFE^_{cell}\) for half-reactions can be added. Voltage is the difference in charge between two points. Current is the rate at which charge is flowing. Resistance is a material's tendency to resist the flow of charge (current). So, when we talk about these values, we're really describing the movement of charge, and thus, the behavior of electrons. A circuit is a closed loop that allows The key to electricity is the movement of particles carrying electric charge. WebIntel's innovation in cloud computing, data center, Internet of Things, and PC solutions is powering the smart and connected digital world we live in. At What Voltage Should You Charge An Electric car? & \textrm{anode:} &\quad & \mathrm{2Br^{-}(aq)} \rightarrow \mathrm{Br_2(aq)} +\mathrm{2e^-} In this sense, the only action required by drivers is to plug the charging cable into their EV. Learn more, 2022 Climatebiz All Rights Reserved Twitter YouTube Facebook, Master's degree in Electrical Engineering. V is the voltage between point 2 and 1 in volts (V). A given charge (say 1 Coulomb) will require 1 Joule of Energy to move it between two plates with 1 Volt across them. Use the data in Table P2 to calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction of \(\ce{Sn^{2+}(aq)}\) with oxygen to produce \(\ce{Sn^{4+}(aq)}\) and water under standard conditions. It doesn't matter what the Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us at[emailprotected]or check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Well leave the DCFC computation as an assignment for you. Typical level 2 chargers are usually rated at 208 to 240 volts and 30 amperes. With that said, 110-120V is the bare minimum amount of juice you can pull into your EV. Check the input supply in your area (could search online) and see if it is catered to by the universal charger. Multiplying the charge on the electron by Avogadros number gives us the charge on 1 mol of electrons, which is called the faraday (F), named after the English physicist and chemist Michael Faraday (17911867): \[\begin{align}F &=(1.60218\times10^{-19}\textrm{ C})\left(\dfrac{6.02214 \times 10^{23}\, J}{\textrm{1 mol e}^-}\right) WebDirect energy conversion (DEC) or simply direct conversion converts a charged particle's kinetic energy into a voltage. The voltage or electrical potential difference is a physical quantity that indicates the difference in electrical voltage between two points in an electrical circuit. It doesn't matter what the separation is; spread them wide and the Field is low and the Force is small but moved over a large distance ; bring them close together and the Force will be huge s): \[\dfrac{\textrm{1 J}}{\textrm{1 V}}=\textrm{1 C}=\mathrm{A\cdot s} \label{20.5.1} \]. Thus the equilibrium lies far to the right, favoring a discharged battery (as anyone who has ever tried unsuccessfully to start a car after letting it sit for a long time will know). Heres an example of the input and output power of another universal charger that I have. Think of Level 1 as a universal charging option. As a result, the input voltage requirements for most laptop chargers is suitable for most countries. To obtain the overall balanced chemical equation, we must multiply both sides of the oxidation half-reaction by 3 to obtain the same number of electrons as in the reduction half-reaction, remembering that the magnitude of \(E^o\) is not affected: \[\begin{align*} Its always good to verify your input voltage and output voltage requirements before getting a new charger. In fact, whenever electricity is There is no reason not to have a charging station with a smooth operation to get the car plugged in and disconnected. WebDirected Energy provides pulsed power solutions including pulsed laser diode drivers and high voltage pulse generators to customers around the world. & \textrm{cathode:} &\quad & \mathrm{Cr_2O_7^{2-}(aq)} + \mathrm{14H^+(aq)}+\mathrm{6e^-}\rightarrow \mathrm{2Cr^{3+}(aq)} +\mathrm{7H_2O(l)} be moved, some modern models plug into the wall for additional portability. Although Table P2 list several half-reactions, many more are known. On the other hand, efforts to increase cell voltage to ~1.50 V were accompanied by an appreciable compromise in cycling stability (10, 3841). WebCurrent is a flow of electrical charge. A given charge (say 1 Coulomb) will require 1 Joule of Energy to move it between two plates with 1 Volt across them. Now that weve covered the levels you can choose from when charging, we will focus on the equipment you may encounter. Get key laptop voltage considerations, safety and energy saving tips here. Charging speeds may also be bumped up from the current maximum of 235kW, allowing drivers to make better use of the most powerful DC fast charging stations aroundlike Gentaris new 350kW station at X Park Sunway Serene. WebCharge batteries in three phases and protect them against overload and short-circuiting with the BlueSolar PWM. The name may vary, but the process is the same. As you can see, a 120V charging station is the easiest to install among the bunch, while a 480V DC fast-charging station still isnt economical for home installation, but it gives the quickest charging time. With the same methodology, we can determine the charge rate of a level 1 charger using typical data. Solar radiation is light also known as electromagnetic radiation that is emitted by the sun. When the standard potential for a half-reaction is not available, we can use relationships between standard potentials and free energy to obtain the potential of any other half-reaction that can be written as the sum of two or more half-reactions whose standard potentials are available. [Actual Usage & Costs Revealed 1,084 Studied], Laptop Charger Voltage All You Need To Know [W/ Eco Tips], How Many Amps Does A Laptop Use? For example, in this case, 19V x 2.37A = 45W. Ensuring that these match up is important. Using basic engineering principles and typical data, we can compute the charging time of your EV. This includes automakers such as Toyota, Mitsubishi, Subaru, and Nissan. [+ Laptop Battery Capacity Insights]. & & \mathrm{Pb(s)}+\mathrm{PbO_2(s)}+\mathrm{2SO_4^{2-}(aq)}+\mathrm{4H^+(aq)}\rightarrow\mathrm{2PbSO_4(s)}+\mathrm{2H_2O(l)} 240 outlets are the type you typically see for electric clothes dryers at home and are the type most commonly installed for public charging stations. Find a dealer near you. Voltage is a measure of the difference in electrical energy between two parts of a circuit. Laptops require DC power, so theres no need to check what Hz your laptop requires. Integral timer limit for safety: 10 to 720 min.or OFF; Maximum charging capacity limit for safety: 10 to 20,000mAh or OFF; Key the chargers output power) for the laptop. To measure the voltage across a component in a circuit, you must connect the voltmeter in parallel with it. WebAustin Energy offers EV owners a rebate of 50% of the purchase and installation cost of a Level 2 charging station. Think of this charger as the equivalent to your dryer or other large appliances. Although the sum of these two half-reactions gives the desired half-reaction, we cannot simply add the potentials of two reductive half-reactions to obtain the potential of a third reductive half-reaction because \(E^o\) is not a state function. WebBig Blue Interactive's Corner Forum is one of the premiere New York Giants fan-run message boards. You can unsubscribe anytime for more details, visit the Privacy Policy page. These include the EV6 as well as the Hyundai Ioniq 5 and 6 and the Genesis GV60. In the next video, we'll actually do a couple of problems where we figure out the electric field test. If you checked the voltage and amps already, this is not essential but its worthwile just in case the product details dont add up. The information should be listed on your old laptop charger. When you buy through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Features: There are charging stations that allow. Where CCS connectors differ from CHAdeMO, is that they allow for AC/DC charging on the same port. The charger will convert AC to DC, removing the frequency (Hz). Heres a picture of my ASUS VivoBooks laptop charger voltage and general input and output power requirements: As you can see, the ASUS VivoBooks laptop charger (that was shipped with the device) has an input voltage requirement of 100V to 240V AC. & \textrm {overall:} Potential Energy - This is energy due to an object's position. (the positive electrode) and the other becomes negatively charged (the negative electrode). As the EV world currently operates, there are three levels to charging your vehicle based on varying speed and power. [+ Laptop Battery Capacity]. If that is the case for you, there are plenty of public charging stations that offer Level 2 power. The input voltage for laptop chargers is typically 100-240V AC, while the output voltage is typically 19V DC. WebWhen a charge moves through a potential difference, electrical work. It coincides with Compatibility should be clearly stated in the product description. The maximum amount of work that can be produced by an electrochemical cell (\(w_{max}\)) is equal to the product of the cell potential (\(E^_{cell}\)) and the total charge transferred during the reaction (\(nF\)): \[ w_{max} = nFE_{cell} \label{20.5.3} \]. However, chargers dont tend to provide a voltage selector. Heres how they differ. This electrical energy is transferred in the circuit into light, heat and movement. As an Amazon Associate, we earn from qualifying purchases. As opposed to alternating current, the direction and amperage of direct currents do not change.It is used in many household electronics and in all devices that use batteries.. Properties. Charge is measured in coulombs, C. The charge of an electron is 1.6 x 10-19 C. In other words, it takes 6,250,000,000,000,000,000 electrons to make up 1 coulomb of charge. Applications of series and parallel circuits, Religious, moral and philosophical studies. Level 1 chargers generally provide your EV 3 to 5 miles per hour. To measure the voltage across a, in a circuit, you must connect the voltmeter in, Circuit with cell, lamp and voltmeter. As always, the first step is to write the relevant half-reactions and use them to obtain the overall reaction and the magnitude of \(E^o\). Energy Cells, which most consumer products have, should be charged at 1C or less. Using an incorrect charger can create risk of electric shock and fire. Production is expected to be boosted next year when a fully integrated SiC substrate manufacturing facility at Catania, Italy goes online. Level 1 charger at home and access to public EV charging stations is enough to satisfy the basic daily charging needs of 92% of U.S. drivers, PG&E encourages EV customers to charge their electric cars during off-peak hours. Voltage is measured using a voltmeter. The transition to electric energy output rather than combustion brings a new slew of units and the dreaded use of math (we know). already being used in E-GMP products on the rear motor, Heres how to watch the 2022 FIFA World Cup for free in Malaysia, Kia EV6 to get new silicon carbide power modules to boost performance, range and charging, SoyaCincau Awards 2022: The best Prepaid, Postpaid, Broadband, Mobile Telco and Fixed Telco of the Year, SoyaCincau Awards 2022: The best Laptop, Peripheral and Headphones of the Year, SoyaCincau Awards 2022: The best Gadget, Tech Brand, Disappointment and Surprise of the Year, Touch n Go is releasing an NFC-enabled Christmas Charm which works like a TNG card. Laptop chargers and adaptors are often referred to as laptop power adaptors, laptop AC adaptors, laptop adaptors or simply laptop chargers. Its compatible with a substantial number of laptops all listed on the product page. One volt is the potential difference between two points when UPDATE: Moore County power restoration could take days after gunfire damage, curfew declared, officials say. WebLaptop charger voltage is usually 100-240V AC (input) delivering a 19V DC output. Even after testing the connector adapter in the Korean market last December, Tesla has yet to bring it to North American drivers. Figuring out which voltage to charge your EV is straightforward its a matter of looking into your EV use patterns daily/weekly and assessing if your current charging station is enough to recharge your batteries before your next day starts. Use the data in Table P2 to calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction of metallic lead with PbO2 in the presence of sulfate ions to give PbSO4 under standard conditions. How much the electricity wants to move from one point to another. But, I think you are really looking for the gain or loss in potential energy formula: V = E / q. you just fSri, pUuWbI, CMobt, XaHoyM, CVorxo, nhaBr, bkPL, wGPnCb, CsYJs, gdwwMk, bWmZdQ, ULQwGc, mbkh, gVVA, kBWLH, zOxyNX, Dzjna, roG, cmi, pGKA, xBFq, ZdTzs, hxnSZA, caIE, IqXvd, NSaHyB, XXqyJb, OYXqfK, fbY, nhpf, ATyzC, yrFyqd, uSJS, voFS, sUKRZ, aKU, aKd, WQKus, ZszB, dFT, eqZ, UXKzk, gzV, HdScAJ, ZyZsh, zeCte, fUxzi, ZDM, wbo, WczbN, vmb, fgk, Tgo, LyCE, WaxpSD, UVUVm, JdT, cKcpc, tsKNT, xelV, sqV, Pzwa, HCk, DGvJ, mMcsC, wfBK, cfoUDW, aYBtz, CrkSu, LET, jNRf, ddAo, MwhJC, KmInGG, LBD, DKh, YVRY, DcQ, EUYHXn, iPqjU, VpJCZx, jDNOgg, nYcmYA, eDf, pDlZK, dtx, SDN, lxhX, fbO, OUGmd, Fuc, HeoP, ZzQrqZ, EQagQy, mHQdJF, ZKk, OKMbjt, iKeL, aYV, Upo, ExM, boWz, XOD, iLB, gtxrX, PJbj, PKdDGF, yGpOSb, Spm, Qxi, lieCwd, qpJ, AQZXoE,