This anhydrous material can be hydrated to the hexahydrate by the controlled addition of enough water to give a product containing 22.7 percent water (theoretical for the hexahydrate). Sodium polyphosphate-containing detergent and rinse aid and method for its preparation. RM 18.00. Chronic Effects on Humans: The substance is toxic to lungs. If irritation persists, seek medical attention. Gloves. Documents. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (sensitizer, permeator). Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. (Solid powder.). Here is the reaction equation: NaH2PO4 + 2Na2HPO4 Na5P3O10 + 2H2O Lab coat. This site explains how to find molar mass. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Notice: Except where noted, spectra from this collection were measured on dispersive instruments, often in carefully selected solvents, and hence may differ in detail from measurements on FTIR instruments or in other chemical environments. Molecular Formula:Na 5 P 3 O 10. Possibly hazardous short-term degradation products are not likely. More information on the manner in which spectra in this collection were collected can be found here. In the manufacture of such compositions, it is often desired to use sodium tripolyphosphate in the hydrated form, rather than in the dehydrated form in which it is, customarily made from phosphoric acid and a source of sodium oxide. Sodium Tripolyphosphate. METHOD OF INCREASING THE CONTENT OF SODIUM TRIPHOSPHATE AND / OR POTASSIUM TRIPHOSPHATE IN A FULLY CALCINATED MIXTURE OF PRODUCT CONTAINING AT LEAST 85% SODIUM AND / OR POTASSIUM TRIPHOSPHATE. It also helps extend shelf life. STPP is a very efficient and cost-effective builder. Cold water may be used. It is also used as a binding agent in refractory materials. This technique is useful in lowering the bulk density materially, but it is difficult to routinely reach and maintain bulk densities as low as 0.65 to 0.7l g/cc. (Slight. The method of claim 1 in which the product is by drated to a point between 80 and 98 percent of theoretical for hexahydrate. Connect with a Sales Representative for information on our portfolio of Sodium Polyphosphates, lower reaction rates which make them ideal for refrigerated doughs, cakes, muffins, pancake mixes and baking powders. STPP is a colorless salt that exists both in anhydrous form Na 5 P 3 O 10 and in hexahydrate form H 12 Na 5 O 16 P 3 . The substance is toxic to lungs. However, it should be clearly understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced by those skilled in the art, and having the benefit of this disclosure, otherwise than as specifically described and exemplified herein. It is the sole responsibility of the person in receipt of this Material Safety Data Sheet wherever such recipient may be situated, to ensure that the information provided is communicated to and understood by any person who may come in contact with the substance in any place and in any manner whatsoever. It can also be used. Very slightly soluble in methanol. Sodium tripolyphosphate Cite Download Contents 1 Structures 2 Biologic Description 3 Names and Identifiers 4 Chemical and Physical Properties 5 Spectral Information 6 Related Records 7 Chemical Vendors 8 Drug and Medication Information 9 Food Additives and Ingredients 10 Pharmacology and Biochemistry 11 Use and Manufacturing 12 Identification Taste: Alkaline. For bulk stoichiometric calculations, we are usually determining molar mass, which may also be called standard atomic weight or average atomic mass. In industrial environments, it is used as sequestrant, deflocculant, and descaling agent in water treatment and sanitation. No specific storage is required. Molecular Weight:367.86. The following is a typical example of the invention as practiced by us, and is given not by way of limitation, but merely as descriptive of the invention. Flammability of the Product: Non-flammable. Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Additional Names: sodium triphosphate; tripolyphosphate; STPP; poly; pentasodium triphosphate Molecular Formula: Na5O10P3 Molecular Weight: 367.86 Percent Composition: Na 31.25%, O 43.49%, P 25.26% Line Formula: Na5P3O10 Literature References: Prepd by molecular dehydration of mono- and disodium phosphates: Audrieth, Bell, Inorg. Physical state and appearance: Solid. Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. A common request on this site is to convert grams to moles. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The pyrophosphate is preferably in the form of a powder mesh) for ease of mixing and distribution. Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP) is used for processed meat, poultry, and fish applications. Undersized material, or fines, were recycled back to the hydrator. Slightly reactive to reactive with organic materials, metals. In our process the anhydrous sodium tripolyphosphate was prepared in conventional fashion in the plant from an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid, soda ash and water, using a molar ratio of Na]? Sodium polyphosphate has the . Its role consists of sequestration of . Risks of explosion of the product in presence of static discharge: Not available. Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available. Alias: STPP Formula: Na5P3O10 Molecular weight: 367.86 CAS NO. 0.1% solution of tri-sodium phosphate (TSP) at 60 C (140 F) for 20 minutes at lOL/minute flow. Others arefaster acting leavening agents in donuts and prepared mixes. Seek immediate medical attention. No. Other Special Considerations: Not available. Other processes for maintaining the hydration relatively uniform with low temperature is also set forth in U.S. Pat. When calculating molecular weight of a chemical compound, it tells us how many grams are in one mole of that substance. In the method of producing hydrated granular sodium tripolyphosphate of low bulk density wherein anhydrous sodium tripolyphosphate feed material, containing at least 10 percent by weight of anhydrous sodium tripolyphosphate having a particle size below mesh, is hydrated with not in excess of percent of the theoretical quantity of water necessary to produce the hexahydrate, and wherein the water is distributed uniformly over said anhydrous feed material while it is being agitated at a rate to keep the hydrating mixture below 80 C and to produce an agglomerated hydrate by the action of the water, grinding the coarse, agglomerated hydrate, separating a particle size range of about 20 to +60 mesh as product, and recycling remaining hydrated sodium tripolyphosphate fines to the feed material, the improvement which comprises adding to said anhydrous sodium tripolyphosphate feed material prior to hydration at least about 2 percent by weight of an alkali metal pyrophosphate and recovering a sodium tripolyphosphate hexahydrate product whose bulk density has been reduced to a range of from 0.65 to 0.71 g/cc. Sodium Tripolyphosphate Food Grade. The atomic weights used on this site come from NIST, the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Sodium Tripolyphosphate STPP : Composition, Properties and Uses 4,119 views Mar 9, 2021 Sodium Tripolyphosphate STPP : Learn about Composition, Properties and Uses of STPP .more. . Technical specification. Molar Mass. STPP helps retain moisture and reduce sodium to deliver peak flavor and texture. Very hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant). : 7758-29-4 HS Code: 283531900 EINECS: 231-838-7 Appearance White granular or powder Density .350.90g/cm3 Melting point 622 Zhengzhou Yucai Chemical Factory specializes in manufacturing Sodium Tripolyphosphate for 35 years. Composition and Information on Ingredients Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Sodium tripolyphosphate: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 3900 mg/kg [Rat.]. Process for the manufacture of sodium tripoly-phosphate hexahydrate, High absorptivity sodium tripolyphosphate, Moisturized compositions of hydrateforming phosphates and methods for preparation thereof, Process for the hydration of sodium tripolyphosphate, Process for preparing sodium tripolyphosphate, Rapidly hydrating sodium tripolyphosphate, process for its production and its use in detergent compositions, Process for the preparation of sodium tripolyphosphate hexahydrate, USE OF A PARTIALLY HYDRATED SODIUM TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE FOR THE PREPARATION OF WASHING POWDER. Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate (TSPP) is used asa buffer for processed foods and puddings. Using the chemical formula of the compound and the periodic table of elements, we can add up the atomic weights and calculate molecular weight of the substance. It can also be usedin water treatment, metal cleaning, and wall board applications. Clear. Soluble in cold water. For certain uses hydrated sodium tripolyphosphate having a bulk density of about 0.65 to about 0.7l g/cc is desired. Sodium. Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching. Lab coat. is about 1.67. Seek medical attention. Product Description: Sodium Tripolyphosphate is an inorganic compound. If user operations generate dust, fume or mist, use ventilation to keep exposure to airborne contaminants below the exposure limit. Immediately flush eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes, keeping eyelids open. Polymerization: No. Coeff. 3,046,092. in this process, however, the hydration does not reduce the bulk density of the feed material. The resulting hydrator spill was charged directly into a rotary dryer where any free water was removed by showering the material through a stream of warm air l35-l 63C). Synonym: Sodium triphosphate Chemical Name: Triphosphoric acid, pentasodium salt Chemical Formula: Na5P3O10 NAME Sodium tripolyphosphate CAS # 7758-29-4 % BY WEIGHT 100 2. Function : Chelating activity to soften the hard water, strong emulsifier for grease and oils. Sodium tripolyphosphate is an inorganic compound with formula Na5P3O10 and the sodium salt of the polyphosphate penta-anion. MFCD00003514. Synonym: Sodium triphosphate Chemical Name: Triphosphoric acid, pentasodium salt Chemical Formula: Na5P3O10 CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call: 1-800-424-9300 International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887 Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients Composition: Name CAS # % by Weight Sodium tripolyphosphate 7758-29-4 100 Appearance:White powder or granule. The water is distributed uniformly over the feed material while it is being agitated in the rotary hydrator at a rate to maintain the hydrated mixture below 80 C. The resulting product from the hydrator is not a completely hydrated product. odour: Odourless. BP Pyro Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate (Food), Donut Pyro Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate (Food), Perfection Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate (Food), Victor Cream Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate (Food), SAPP # 4 Blend Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate (Food), Taterfos Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate (Food), Vitrafos Sodium Hexametaphosphate (Food), Vitrafos Sodium Hexametaphosphate (Tech), Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate Anhydrous (Food), Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate Anhydrous (Tech). TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Sodium tripolyphosphate 1 Van Der Bijl Street Routes of Entry: Eye contact. Generally, water is added, not in excess of percent of the theoretical quantity of water necessary to produce the hexahydrate. The manner in which the alkali metal pyrophosphate operates to lower the bulk density is not known. Phosphates are used in a wide range of food products . Section 2 - Composition, Information on Ingredients CAS# Chemical Name: Percent: EINECS/ELINCS: 7758-29-4: Sodium tripolyphosphate: 98-100 : 231-838-7: Section 3 - Hazards Identification EMERGENCY OVERVIEW. 367.86 g/mol. Sodium tripolyphosphate is generally made by drying an aqueous solution containing phosphoric acid and soda ash in which the molar ratio of Na]? Purity Percentage: 85: Purity Details: 85%: Solubility . Gently and thoroughly wash the contaminated skin with running water and non-abrasive soap. Specific Gravity: Not available. sed in metal finishing and water treatment for lead control, red and black water control, and sequestration. Instability Temperature: Not available. It is only necessary in this dryer to keep the temperature of the material low enough so that the tripolyphosphate is not dehydrated to another form of polyphosphate. Catalogue Codes: SLS1489 The formula weight is simply the weight in atomic mass units of all the atoms in a given formula. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label. Pursuant to the requirements of the patent statutes, the principle of this invention has been explained and exemplified in a manner so that it can be readily practiced by those skilled in the art, such exemplification including what is considered to represent the best embodiment of the invention. Expired - Lifetime Application number Special Provisions for Transport: Not applicable. Dust respirator. For routine production where the bulk density of the product must be between 0.65 to 0.7! Chemical Formula: Na5P3O10. Conditions of Instability: Not available. We have now foundthat it is possible to produce a hydrated sodium tripolyphosphate having a bulk density of 0.65 to 0.7l g/cc by feeding anhydrous sodium tripolyphosphate containing at least about percent by weight of lines (-100 mesh U.S. standard) to a hydration stage, adding at least about 2 percent by weight of an alkali metal pyrophosphate (preferably 2 to 7 percent) to the anhydrous sodium tripolyphosphate, hydrating the anhydrous material with no more than 105 percent of the theoretical amount necessary to produce the hexahydrate, distributing the water uniformly over the tripolyphosphate while it is being agitated. The reason is that the molar mass of the substance affects the conversion. The product may have anywhere from 2 to 25% less bound water than theoretical for the hexahydrate. It is also used as a binding agent in refractory materials. Sodium tripolyphosphate (Na 5 P 3 O 10 ), a widely-used water-softening agent, is the sodium metal salt of an anion of the general formula [P n O 3n+1 ].sup. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this product. No. In chemistry, the formula weight is a quantity computed by multiplying the atomic weight (in atomic mass units) of each element in a chemical formula by the number of atoms of that element present in the formula, then adding all of these products together. The resultant, lumpy product was ground to produce a mixture of granules and powder containing at least l0 percent (by weight of the anhydrous feed) of l00 mesh material, and generally substantially more than this. Innophos manufacturers several Sodium Polyphosphates that have various uses across both food and industrial applications. The hydrator was rotated at 22 rpm and water was added at a rate of 1,200 pounds per hour through seven spray nozzles in the hydrator. Linear Formula: Na 5 P 3 O 1 0: Merck Index: 15, 8824: Solubility Information: Solubility in water: 145g/L (20C) Formula Weight: 367.85: Physical Form: Crystalline Powder: Percent Purity: 98.0%: Grade: Analysis: Iron (Fe) 50ppm max. The resulting product fraction, essentially 20 +60 mesh, was separated from oversized material and the latter was recycled through a mill and fed back to the screen. The brief manufacturing processes are as follows (1) : STPP is commercially produced by the neutralization of phosphoric acid with sodium hydroxide to form the mixture of monosodium phosphate and disodium phosphate . The resulting mixture of ground sodium tripolyphosphate and alkali metal pyrophosphate were then fed into a rotary hydrator in which the desired amount of water was sprayed onto the product. Some food grade SAPP products have slower reaction rates which make them ideal for refrigerated doughs, cakes, muffins, pancake mixes and baking powders. It is frequently used as a food preservative and as a water softener in commercial detergents. Method of producing hydrated sodium tripolyphosphate composition, pentasodium;[oxido(phosphonatooxy)phosphoryl] phosphate, [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+]. This is how to calculate molar mass (average molecular weight), which is based on isotropically weighted averages. a buffer for processed foods and puddings. The information and instructions provided in this MSDS apply only to the substance in its present form and not to any formulation or mix, in which event it is the sole responsibility of the user of the substance as formulated and/or mixed to investigate and establish any danger which may arise out of its use, wherever such user may be situated. The ground, anhydrous sodium tripolyphosphate was then mixed with at least about 2 percent of an alkali metal pyrophosphate, preferably sodium pyrophosphate. On occasion, the bulk density will get down as low as 0.65 g/cc using this technique, but normally the bulk density remains above 0.71 g/cc in most of the recovered product. Stability: The product is stable. Sodium tripolyphosphate. Finding molar mass starts with units of grams per mole (g/mol). Inhalation. The preferred amount of pyrophosphate which is added to the anhydrous sodium tripolyphosphate is on the order of about 2 to about 7 percent, based on the weight of the anhydrous feed, although larger amounts of the pyrophosphate are not deleterious to the product, provided the product meets the required assay for sodium tripolyphosphate. Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans: Not available. Volatility: Not available. Safety Data Sheet (SDS) . Global Sodium Tripolyphosphate Market to Reach $2.5 Billion by 2027. . All information and instructions provided in this Material Safety Data Sheet in respect of the substance is given solely in terms of the provisions of the Occupational Health and Safety Act No 85 of 1993. and Regulations (the Act), is based on scientific and technical knowledge as at the date indicated on this MS Material Safety Data Sheet and is presented in good faith to be correct. Other Regulations: OSHA: Hazardous by definition of Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). If such recipient produces formulations or mixes using the substance, then it is such recipients sole responsibility to comply with the provisions of the Act in respect of the provision of the necessary Material Safety Data Sheet, or to comply with any other applicable legislation. The resulting product has a pH in solution of about 9.9, corresponding with that of the anhydrous material. at such a rate that the temperature is kept below about C, recovering an agglomerated product of lower bulk density than the original material, preferably drying the resulting agglomerated product at a temperature below about 80 C to protect it against decomposition, grinding the resulting agglomerated product to produce a mixture of fines and a product of desired particle size range (about -20 and +60 mesh), separating granules of the desired particle size range as product and recycling the fines to the hydration stage. . Sacks Circle Non-corrosive in presence of glass. This material was ground to yield a feed containing 30 percent -lOO mesh, l5 percent +30 mesh, and 3 percent +20 mesh. Be sure that it is not necessary to strain to reach materials, and that shelves are not overloaded. Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Not available. If the formula used in calculating molar mass is the molecular formula, the formula weight computed is the molecular weight. Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Sodium tripolyphosphate: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 3900 mg/kg [Rat.]. Colour: White. Randvaal, Meyerton, CAPE TOWN AL 165 EX United States Patent 1191 Groening et al. Besides sodium monophosphate, sodium diphosphate, triphosphate, tetraphosphate, and polyphosphates are also found in nature. 3100 mg/kg [Mouse]. The spill from the rotary dryer. Learn more about cookies by referring to our Privacy Statement. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. It is also used as. Dec. 3, 1974 METHOD OF PRODUCING HYDRATED 3.063301 11/1962 Groves 252/135 3,233,967 2/1966 Shen 252/135 ig agg zgg s 3,338,671 8/l967 Marshall et al 252/135 [75] Inventors: Harvey F. Groening; Paul L. Hensler, both of Lawr Kan$ Primary ExaminerBen amm R. Padgett [73] Assignee: FMC Corporation, New York, NY. Generic Name. However, long term degradation products may arise. 3. Thereafter, for a 3 hour period no sodium pyrophosphate was added; the bulk density rapidly increased to 0.693 g/cc, and continued rising to 0.697 g/cc, at which point further testing was discontinued. DOT Classification: Not a DOT controlled material (United States). Splash goggles. at a temperature of C, was transferred directly to a screen where the granule product was separated from the oversized particles and fines. This drying stage can readily be accomplished by showering the hydrated material through a stream of warm air in a rotary dryer using an air inlet temperature on the order of 80 to 165 C. Any other means of drying the product can be used providing the temperature is not raised above the decomposition point of the tripolyphosphate, i.e., about 80 C. The product removed from the dryer generally contains some oversized material which is ground and screened. Sodium tripolyphosphate is produced by heating a stoichiometric mixture of disodium phosphate, Na 2 HPO 4, and monosodium phosphate, NaH 2 PO 4, under carefully controlled conditions. MDL Number. Do not ingest. Critical Temperature: Not available. Background. Product Name: Sodium tripolyphosphate STPP helps retain moisture and reduce sodium to deliver peak flavor and texture. Dust respirator. Note that excessive use of phosphate-based cleaners will cause algae growth in your irrigation pond or wherever the waste water is pumped to. RTECS: YK4570000 Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Keep container tightly closed. 110 Batoliet road PUGVIEW FETCH ERROR: 403 Forbidden National Center for Biotechnology Information The bulk density of the resulting product was rapidly reduced to 0.671 g/cc and then reached 0.665 g/cc where it remained substantially stable. ), Molecular Weight: 367.86 g/mole. Notice: Concentration information is not available for . [O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O, [K+].[K+].[K+].[K+]. The desired particle size fraction (-20 to +60 U.S. standard mesh) is collected as product, while any fines preferably are recycled to the hydrator. The alkali metal pyrophosphates include sodium pyrophosphate, potassium pyrophosphate, sodium acid pyrophosphate and other such pyrophosphate salts. These relative weights computed from the chemical equation are sometimes called equation weights. The method of claim 1 in which the product is hydrated to a point between 80 and 98 percent of theoretical for hexahydrate. of 1.67. [22] Filed: Nov. 29, 1972 {57] ABSTRACT [21] Appl. Standard executed:GB25566-2010. [O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O, ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES, DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL, Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00, Inorganic compounds ; Elemental compounds, EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLYING SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENTS OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT, Arrangements or adaptations of air-treatment apparatus for aircraft crew or passengers, or freight space, or structural parts of the aircraft, Arrangements or adaptations of air-treatment apparatus for aircraft crew or passengers, or freight space, or structural parts of the aircraft the air being conditioned, Arrangements or adaptations of air-treatment apparatus for aircraft crew or passengers, or freight space, or structural parts of the aircraft the air being conditioned the air being heated or cooled, NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C, Method of producing hydrated sodium tripolyphosphate, Process for making agglomerated detergents, Preparation of granular sodium tripolyphosphate products, Adjuncts for detergent compositions and process for manufacturing them, Preparation of granular sodium tripolyphosphate hexahydrate with low friability, Sodium tripolyphosphate carrier particles containing a sodium hydrogen ortho on pyro-phosphate, Process for preparing a sodium tripolyphosphate hexahydrate powder, Process for preparing medium density granular sodium tripolyphosphate, Sodium tripolyphosphate composition and method of producing it, Method for producing shattered preservative-free dried fruit or vegetable pieces, Modification of the hydration characteristics of form ii sodium tripolyphosphate prior to detegent processing, Non-degradative drying of sodium triphosphate hexahydrate, Manufacture of alkali metal tripolyphosphates, Process for the production of a sodium tripolyphosphate, Preparation of granular sodium tripolyphosphate products from screen undersize sodium tripolyphosphate particles. when ventilation is inadequate. Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not applicable. CI#: Not applicable. g/cc the above process alone will not produce a satisfactory product. Special Remarks on Reactivity: Not available. The sodium phosphate chemical formula is Na 3 PO 4 and it has a molecular weight of 163.94 g/mol. Be particularly careful to clean folds, crevices, creases and groin. The hydrator was a 27-inch diameter tube, l4 feet long. TABLE 21: USA 15-Year Perspective for Sodium Tripolyphosphate by Application - Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for Synthetic Detergent, Food Additive, Water Treatment, Ceramic, Paint & Dyeing and Other Applications for the Years 2012, 2021 & 2027 . Calculate the molecular weight Sodium triphosphate is the sodium salt of the polyphosphate penta-anion, which is the conjugate base of triPhosphoric Acid.Sodium tripolyphosphate is produced by heating a stoichiometric mixture of Disodium phosphate, Na2HPO4, and Monosodium Phosphate, NaH2PO4, under . CAS#: 7758-29-4 One difficult problem producing hydrated sodium tripolyphosphate from the anhydrous product and water is that of reducing the bulk density of the hydrated product to desirable limits. Molar mass of Na5P3O10 = 367.864133 g/mol, Convert grams Sodium Tripolyphosphate to moles or moles Sodium Tripolyphosphate to grams, Molecular weight calculation: Email: capetown@nuvestgroup.com, HEAD OFFICE CAS NO.:7758-29-4. This removes polypeptides and proteins from the membrane. sed in starch modification and other food applications. The solution is dried, and the dried material calcined to produce an anhydrous material which is generally present in two different phases, depending on the drying and calcining conditions andwhich are known as Phase I and Phase ll. 1. 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