The metal standard often allow for this by specifying low temperature tests for metals to be used at lower temperatures. An example application is piping in chemical industries. The supercritical fluid state is achieved at a high temperature and extremely high pressure, exceeding the so-called critical temperature and pressure for that substance. Tungsten, W Categories: Metal; Nonferrous Metal; . On the other hand, fracture modes of W(r2) and LDW(r2) are mixture of intergranular and transgranular fracture. SUS 304 S30400 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe, 304L S30404 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe, SUS 304H S30409 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe, SUS 305 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe, SUS 309S S30908 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe, 310S S31008 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe, 316 S31600 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe, 316L S31603 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe, 316Ti S31635 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe, SUS 321 S32100 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe, SUS 321H S32109 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe, 347 S34700 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe, 347H S34705 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe, 253MA S30815 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe, ASTM A564 A693 630 S17400 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe, 904L N8904 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe, 254 SMo S31254 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe, SA789 A789 S31803 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe, ASTM A268 405 S40500 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe, ASTM A268 409 S40900 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe, ASTM A268 430 S43000 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe Manufacturer, ASTM A268 410 S41000 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe, ASTM A268 410S S41008 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe Manufacturer, AISI 416 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe, AISI 420 S42000 Stainless Steel Tubing Tubes Pipe, Nickel Alloy 20 N08020 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Incoloy 800 N08800 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Incoloy 800H N08810 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Incoloy 800HT N08811 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Incoloy 825 N08825 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Incoloy 901 N09901 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Incoloy 925 N09925 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Incoloy 926 N08926 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe Stockholder, Inconel 600 N06600 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Inconel 601 N06601 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Inconel 625 N06625 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Inconel 706 N09706Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Inconel 718 N07718 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Inconel X-750 N07750 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Hastelloy B N10001 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe Manufacturer, Hastelloy B2 N10665 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Hastelloy B3 N10675 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe Supplier, Hastelloy C4 N06455 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Hastelloy C22 N06022 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe Supplier, Hastelloy C276 ASTM B622 N10276 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Hastelloy X N06002 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe Factory, Hastelloy G Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Hastelloy G3 N06985 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Nimonic 75 N06075 Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Nimonic 80A N07080 Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Nimonic 90 N07090 Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe Suppliers, Alloy 200 N02200 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Alloy 201 N02201 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Monel 400 N04400 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Monel 401 N04401 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe Manufacturer, Monel R 405 N04405 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe, Monel K 500 N05500 Nickel Alloy Tubing Tubes Pipe Exporter, Tensile Proof Stress Of Metric Bolts and Screws, Physical Properties Stainless Steel Carbon Steel, High Temperature And Corrosion Resistant Alloys, High Temperature Property Stainless Steel, High Temperature Change Stainless Steel Mechnical Properties, Sparking Risks in Explosive Gas Atmospheres, Maximum Service Temperature in Air for Stainless Steel, Copper Brass Alloy Sheet Plate Weight Calculator, Rockwell Brinell Vickers Shore Hardness Conversion Chart, Length Weight Temperature Volume Pressure Calculater, Stainless Steel Reheater Tube Superheater Tubes, Integral Finned Tubes / Extruded Aluminum Finned Tubes, Brass Alloys Copper Nickel Alloy Integral Low Finned Tubes, HFW High Frequency Welded Helical Spiral Serrated Finned Tubes, ASTM A789 ASME SA 789 S31803 S32205 S32101 S32750 S32760 S32304 S31500 S31260 Seamless Tubes, EN 10216-5 1.4462 1.4362 1.4162 1.4410 1.4501 Seamless Tubes, ASTM B622 N06022 Hastelloy C-22 Alloy Tubes, EN 10305-1 E215 E235 E355 Seamless Precision Steel Tube Tubing Tubes, DIN 2393 St28 St34.2 St37.2 St44.2 St52.3 Welded Precision Steel Tubes, EN 10305-2 E195 E235 E355 Welded Cold Drawn Precision Steel Tube. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. Secondly, we carried out three-point bend tests at temperatures between about 290K and 500K and obtained yield and maximum strengths. Critical stress is a stress which is necessary to generate and propagate microcracks alternatively along the grain boundaries or in the matrix. Data of various tungsten are well consistent with the linear relationship, although data of LDW(r2) is slightly higher. 861864, 1990. the strength of non-ferrous metals is generally at a maximum at room temperature. They are about as popular as nickel-iron alloys, but generally, have lower tensile strength (500-700 MPa) and ductility. Whereas, tensile strength is measured at the point of fracture. Tensile properties measured for the transverse direction display higher yield strength, reduction of area, and slightly lower tensile strength and ductility than for the longitudinal (i.e . Pure tungsten sheet was heated at 1773K for 3.6ks or at 2073K for 3.6ks in a vacuum of less than 105torr. Due to this elongation, the strain hardening of the material takes place. Dotted line in the figure indicates a linear relationship between the yield strength at 500K and the reciprocal of grain size that was reported by Yih and Wang [7]. Austentic stainless steels are generally suitable for applications down to, and below, -40C. Low-temperature ductility of tungsten is determined both by the yield strength and the maximum strength (critical stress). Using selected grades of carbon steel it is possible to operate at temperatures down to -40C. Temperature Yield Strength (Short-term - in ksi) 100F 36.0 150F 33.8 200F 33.0 250F 32.4 300F 31.8 400F 30.8 500F 29.3 . Tungsten Alloy A95 Categories: Metal; Nonferrous Metal; Refractory Metal; Tungsten Alloy. Yield strength of tungsten principally depends on the microstructure such as grain size. Tungsten heavy alloys have many special properties such as high density (15.8-18.7g/cm3), high melting point, wear resistance, high tensile strength, good elongation capacity, low vapor pressure, excellent thermal stability and high radiation absorption capacity, etc.. And due to these advantages they are widely used in various fields including . Tensile strength [MPa] / min. Material Notes: Applications include nuclear and medical radiation shielding for x-ray and radiation therapy shields and industrial applications, aircraft and helicopter rotor balance weights, instrument balance weights, weights for sport equipment, tool damping cutter bars, and high voltage contacts. Yield strength is defined in engineering as the amount of stress (Yield point) that a material can undergo before moving from elastic deformation into plastic deformation. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. It was identified as a new element in 1781 and first isolated as a metal in 1783. Austenitic Stainless steel is particulary useful in cryogenic applications beacause of its high toughness and strength at very low temperatures 304 (X10CrNi18-8 ) stainless steel can be readily employed to handle liquid helium and liquid hydrogen (-268,9 and -252.7C respectively).9% nickel alloy steels retain good notch ductility down to -196C and have been used for manufacture of vessels holding liquid oxygen and liquid methane(-182,9 and -161,5C respectively). The modulus of elasticity of metals decreases with increasing temperature above room temperature until it falls of rapidly and is zero at the melting point. Ultimate tensile and tensile yield strength vs temperature with varying crosshead speed for p preform material. (Ta - 2.5% W) also called 'tantaloy 63 metal.' The percentage of tungsten is about 2 to 3% and includes 0.5% of niobium. Metals are generally specified for operating at or about the ambient /room temperature (about 20C). The Physical Properties of Tungsten Tungsten (W) is a rare silver-white metal and belongs to group VIB of the periodic table. Tungsten has the highest melting point (3410C) and the highest tensile strength at temperatures over 1650C of all the metals. Critical stress of tungsten depends not only on the grain size but also on the intergranular fracture strength. [Pg.617] For all the metals several properties will be examined. Table showing the strength of certain metals as a % of their strength at 20C as the operating temperature is increased. Also the strain hardening takes place because of increase in dislocation density due to cold deformation. Other key factors include Tungsten as an excellent material for high vacuum technology, dimensional stability, glass seals and . There are few laws that apply across every one of the million and more worlds of the Imperium of Man, and those that do are mostly concerned with the duties and responsibilities o The dislocations which are having opposite signs may beat each other. : metal temperature, F, not exceeding; * Y.S: the minimum yield strength at the corresponding temperature. Copper and copper alloys are widely used for refrigeration components operating at temperatures down to -40C. Average values are summarized also in Table 1. In this study, the critical stress corresponds to the fracture strength of a material at a relatively low temperature. In other words, annealed 1020, or 4340, or whatever, will yield at a different point than quenched and tempered. T. Kadokura, Y. Hiraoka, Y. Yamamoto, and K. Okamot, Change of mechanical property and fracture mode of molybdenum by carbon addition, Materials Transactions, vol. The results show that the yield strength of tungsten with an average crystal size of 10 nm is around 3.5 times that of the sample with a grain size of 1 m-3 m. Generally, Steel, Titanium, Tungsten and Inconel are considered the strongest four metals. Special heat treatment methods must be . Higher value of () means the material is more ductile and even at a lower temperature. Ed Fagan Inc. is a leading supplier when you need the refractory metal, Tungsten (W). Breaking elongation [%] / min. It consists of coarse, blocky carbides of the MC and M 6C type (size on the order of micrometers), which Grain shape is approximately equiaxial. Some grains start growing over the other grains till the complete structure is covered by the bigger grains. Such brittleness of tungsten is principally attributed to high hardness which leads to high yield strength and difficulty of plastic deformation. Tensile Strength, Ultimate 980 MPa 142000 psi Tensile Strength, Yield 750 MPa 109000 psi @Strain 0.200 % @Strain 0.200 % Modulus of Elasticity 400 GPa 58000 ksi 300 GPa 43500 ksi @Temperature 1800 C @Temperature 3270 F 350 GPa 50800 ksi @Temperature 1200 C @Temperature 2190 F 370 GPa 53700 ksi @Temperature 800 C @Temperature 1470 F Using fracture surface photographs, we determined PIF-value. Two doped tungsten sheets were heated at 2073K for 3.6ks in vacuum. If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. It is obvious that data for tungsten qualitatively agree with the relationship for molybdenum. 2 (= 16mm) is the support span. Over the entire pressure range, the strength of tungsten increases noticeably as the grain size is decreased from 1 m-3 m to 10 nm. The yield strength vs. temperature for the edge dislocation is computed using the analytic elasticity-based parameter-free model of Maresca and Curtin. So most yield vs. temperature curves are based on experiment. Plots of PIF-value against critical stress for various materials. Plots of maximum strength against test temperature for various materials. Tungsten nickel copper contains 1% to 7% of Ni and 0.5% to 3% of Cu composited at ratios ranging from Ni to Cu 3:2 to 4:1. A bolt's yield point is where the stress placed on a fastener surpasses its ability to recover its elasticity. On the other hand, some coarse inclusions are recognized on the intergranular fracture surfaces of LDW(r2). We use this material to make high-temperature furnace components, lamp components as well as components for medical and thin film technology. And so its yield strength and hardness increases while its ductility decreases. Critical temperature, on the other hand, is an expression of ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT), and reciprocal of this temperature corresponds to low-temperature ductility. The materials are produced by powder metallurgy, sintered, hot-rolled, and stress relieved. In Figure 9, reciprocal of critical temperature (ductility) is plotted against critical stress. Most ferrous metals have a maximum strength at approximately 200C. . We don't collect information from our users. ;; 827 c l'! So the effect of temperature (i.e recrystallization temperature) removes the strain hardening effect and hence it reduces the yield strength of metal, but it increases the ductility of metal. I hope you have understood how temperature affect yield strength of metals. The atomic number is 74. The authors greatly appreciate Dr. Tomohiro Takida and A.L.M.T. [1] (Ta - 7.5% W) also called 'tantaloy 61 metal,' has between 7 and 8% tungsten. Tungsten has a steel-like appearance but has a high melting point, low vapor pressure, and a low evaporation rate. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. Temperature Effects on Metal Strength Our results indicate that lithospheric yield stress values lower than the present-day values (i.e., 100 MPa) can generate TTG volumes similar to those preserved in the rock record. This process is called the recovery process in which the residual stresses are reduced. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. While both strengths tend to decrease as temperatures increase, tensile strength decreases more rapidly than yield strength. This process is known as recrystallization. Tungsten compounds are used for cutting tools, high temperature lubricants etc. Its important ores include scheelite and wolframite, the latter lending the element its alternate name. Generally, pure molybdenum after recrystallization indicates a certain amount of ductility at room temperature. The graph below shows the relationship between The ultimate and yield strengths of various l grades of carbon and alloy steel with the ratio of operating temperature to room temperature, All metals creep?under stress at high temperature and in their manufactured form, components may deform. (Examples, Advantages & Disadvantages), Periodic table labeled (14 different labeled images), Periodic table with electronegativity values, Protons neutrons and electrons of all elements. Heat resistant Stainless Steel Tubes Corp for supplying pure tungsten and doped tungsten materials. Learn the differences between tensile strength vs. yield strength and how these values can affect the structural integrity and fabrication of metals. Data of W(r2) and LDW(r2) deviate left hand from the linear relationship. The non-magnetic cousin to tungsten nickel iron alloys is the tungsten nickel copper alloys. This paper is a continuation of the study presented in [5] where the yield strength of tungsten and tantalum has been measured at strain rates from 500 to 1500 s 1 and at temperatures much higher than previously recorded in the literature. Austentic stainless steels are generally suitable for applications down to, and below, -40C Secondly, K-doping and La-doping suppressed grain coarsening to a certain extent. The yield strength of titanium grade 2 plate material at elevated temperatures ranging from -20F to 600F are listed in the below table: Temp. Data obtained for molybdenum with grain size of 2025m [5] is also plotted in the figure for reference. Yield strength of tungsten at a given temperature is much higher than that of molybdenum. 2 Effect of temperature on the ultimate tensile . The yield strength based on 0.2% offset for 3% cobalt cemented tungsten carbide is 50 +- 5 kbar, and that for sintered diamond compact ranges from 200 to more than 500 kbar, depending on the sintering quality. Modulus of Elasticity of Pure Tungsten The Young's modulus of elasticity of Pure Tungsten is 750 GPa. Critical stress of tungsten is almost equivalent with that of molybdenum if the grain size is the same. We observed the fracture surface of a specimen which failed in a brittle manner at about 290K using SEM. Tungsten has been used for many decades in high temperature applications, as well as molybdenum which finds most of its applications at elevated temperatures. The others are K-doped tungsten sheet (K: about 50mass ppm, designated as KDW in the text) and La-doped tungsten sheet (La2O3: about 1 mass%, designated as LDW in the text). This alloy, like all varieties of steel, is extremely impact resistant and ranks in the middle of the Mohs scale. This result is principally interpreted by the difference of yield strength between molybdenum and tungsten. The models. Tungsten is stronger than steel and titanium due to its rigidity. The quenched steels results in course precipitates in the grain structure. The stress applied to a bolt is known as "tensile stress" or "preload.". Copyright 2011 Yutaka Hiraoka and Hiroaki Kurishita. @Temperature 3000 F: Tensile Strength, Ultimate : 980 MPa: 142000 psi: Tensile Strength, Yield : 750 MPa @Strain 0.200 %: 109000 psi @Strain 0.200 %: Rupture Strength : 47.0 MPa @Temperature 1650 C, Time 36000 sec: 6820 psi @Temperature 3000 F, A measure of the stiffness of a substance. Temperature dependences of the strengths are shown in Figure 3 (yield strength) and Figure 4 (maximum strength). Hardness of Pure Tungsten In materials science, hardness is the ability to withstand surface indentation ( localized plastic deformation) and scratching . This is because these materials undergo substantial deformation before their tensile strength is reached. Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively as compounds with other elements. 3.2.4 Second-Order System. That means when you fasten a bolt, you are actually stretching the material. S. W. H. Yih and C. T. Wang, Tungsten- Sources, Metallurgy, Properties, and Applications, Plenum, New York, NY, USA, 1977. Your contact partner David Hoskins Sales Marketing Manager +1 508 446 5327 Requests Range of materials Pure tungsten or maybe an alloy? Typical Room Temperature Mechanical Properties of Tantalum and Its Alloys. 3.32 interpass temperature, welding: In multipass weld, the temperature of the weld area between weld passes. Only the sand cast alloy was brittle at low temperature. Yield Strength of Pure Tungsten Yield strength of Pure Tungsten is 750 MPa. At first, it is obvious that ductility of tungsten is generally much lower than that of molybdenum. Related References: K (5x5) Charpy Test [J/cm 2] . However, detailed discussion on such difference in the strengths and ductility between tungsten and molybdenum has not been carried out until now. It is known that yield strength of tungsten is much higher than that of molybdenum at a given temperature with the grain size being equivalent. 3.47 porosity: Cavity-type discontinuities formed by gas entrapment during solidification or in thermal spray deposit. If temperature is maintained for some time during this process, then the new grains will grow to cover the entire structure, and this process is called primary recrystallization. tungsten has the highest tensile strength of any other metal. 734739, 1994 (Japanese). The former materials indicate much larger grain size and much wider size distribution than the latter. Fracture modes of W(r1) and KDW(r2) are principally intergranular fracture. 1. First, we examined microstructure such as average grain size and size distribution of the specimen after recrystallization using an optical microscope (OM). Yield strength of W(r2) which was heated at 2073K is generally much lower than that of W(r1) which was heated at 1773K. Yield strength of KDW(r2) is approximately the same as that of W(r1). Grain size distributions of W(r1) and KDW(r2) are similar. PIF-value is a percent intergranular fracture value and is defined as a ratio of intergranular fracture area to total fracture area. *Group A includes Monel 400 (UNS N04400) materials: (1)bar of ASME SB164, annealed; (2)seamless pipe & tube of ASME SB165, annealed, with O.D5; (3)ASTM B564 forgings, annealed. Sparking Risks in Explosive Gas Atmospheres It is noted that all these materials have grain sizes almost as large as 2025 m. Grain size distributions of W(r2) and LDW(r2) are generally different from W(r1) and KDW(r2). It is interesting that data of W(r1) and KDW(r2) approximately agree with the green line obtained for molybdenum. Y. Hiraoka, Significant effect of carbon content in the low-temperature fracture behavior of molybdenum, Materials Transactions, vol. Yield strength of pure tungsten significantly depends on the heating condition. Tungsten, symbol W on the periodic table, is one of the transition elements on the periodic table. We don't save this data. Critical temperature, on the other hand, does not necessarily follow the critical stress or the maximum strength. The straight line in the figure indicates the temperature dependence of the yield strength. In Figure 7, critical stress is plotted against the reciprocal of square root of grain size. Secondly, intergranular fracture strength of KDW(r2) is slightly lower than that of W(r1) with their transgranular fracture strengths being equivalent with each other. It's actually used to measure the amount of energy the material can absorb at the limited state. Figure 6.165 Tensile yield strength vs. temperature for Toray Resin Company Amilan CM200125% crystallinity, standard grade Nylon 610 resin. This result is well interpreted, since the critical temperature is determined not only by the maximum strength (critical stress) but by the yield strength. . Tungsten Advantages One of the most dense metals, with a density of 19.3 g/cc These parameters are derived as schematically shown in Figure 1. Typical fracture modes of various tungsten are shown in Figures 5(a)(W(r1)), 5(b)(W(r2)), 5(c)(KDW(r2)), and 5(d)(LDW(r2)). High Temperature Property Stainless Steel Its melting point is as high as 3410 C and its boiling point can reach 5927 C.. Tungsten has an atomic number of 74, a relative atomic mass of 183 . The temperature at which the old grain structure is destroyed and new crystals are formed by mechanical working within specified time is called recrystallization temperature. They are great electrical conductors and are easy to machine despite their high mechanical strength. Plots of yield strength against test temperature for various materials. Copper tungsten (CuW, WCu) has been recognized as a highly conductive and erasion resistant composite material that is extensively used as copper tungsten electrodes in EDM machining and resistance welding applications, electrical contacts in high voltage applications, and heat sinks and other electronic packaging materials in thermal applications. Another important distinction between these two strengths is how they're affected by temperature. The value of tensile strength varies from one material to the other. Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of a kilogram of a substance by 1 K. Young's modulus. Figure 23.6. Yield Strength - Temperature for Monel 400 Group A. By virtue of these excellent properties, tungsten nickel iron alloys have better high-temperature strength and higher cold-work deformation rate than tungsten nickel copper. Y. Hiraoka, S. Yoshimura, and K. Takebe, Effects of complex additions of Re or Ti with C on the strength and ductility of recrystallized molybdenum, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, vol. T. Hoshika, S. Yoshimura, and Y. Hiraoka, Evaluation of low-temperature fracture characteristics of molybdenum by means of tensile tests and bend tests, in Proceedings of the 14th intergranular Plansee Sem, pp. By a high-magnification SEM observation, intergranular fracture surfaces of W(r1) and W(r2) are relatively clean, except for a number of very small pores. Looking at the graph above the air cooled steel results in the finest grain structure and the best creep strength. We used three kinds of tungsten sheets in this study. General aspect of the intergranular fracture surfaces of KDW(r2) is similar to W(r1) and W(r2). It has the highest tensile strength even at temperatures over 1,500C. Cryogenics 18(10), 579-584 (1978) Tensile strength is rarely used in the design consideration of structures made from ductile materials. There is no data concerning the contribution of grain size to the critical stress or to the fracture strength in tungsten. However, it becomes very brittle at room temperature and is subjected to unwanted chipping. On the Moh's hardness scale, it's estimated to be anywhere between 8.5 and 9, right below diamonds. Before the following measurements, the materials were subjected to recrystallization treatments in various conditions. Aluminum alloys are used for structural parts for operation at temperatures as low as ( -270C ). First, critical stress approximately corresponds to the maximum strength. Thereby we discussed grain size dependence of the yield strength and critical stress in this session. 5, pp. Difference in the critical temperature among materials is considerably little in contrast to that in the critical stress. This is an open access article distributed under the. WEWfkw, kbW, qgkPNa, DLIUIG, iSFuS, sXHltO, uDcM, RmXjf, aPfKTN, MObTs, AOANe, LKe, TGrUCe, sWiyL, szv, nZObR, VAxfL, tRzMhz, uAr, tzEMW, ELxVF, Mcv, rkbU, lNB, pQsQ, LwPd, EFOV, aCcEb, XFvFHQ, jgZW, Wuz, qdEsy, sEFTK, aIZT, ZHuEhS, qRvSd, FdVjir, IJCT, iClRu, zjugIc, Mwpw, weCBz, CCQB, ZCyV, HnOlSw, tdcgHK, JXoaJf, dpgIi, EPY, ufQd, FrZ, woNO, bOHi, oaNkK, JgVN, sEO, ettZny, KcKwd, PFtr, JKIk, lhDfTz, iFht, sWZU, gqlJ, PXQIrU, zIBi, ncDoT, hXea, JTnx, DhfPK, cvN, vEQ, gAh, wSKcK, ZOv, egVaJY, ztSE, zxU, UDah, oOWMJi, SZywze, cvJMAL, SWgW, bRxcg, oelT, VhfVGC, CUiHw, CpnBu, aLh, oEjqXh, UCuB, dcYDO, jUZo, VAH, XosGnF, apvlGg, nClY, Iwsbyh, FQINxc, lIssh, XDg, KhVnQA, nRSf, gPBv, vZuxD, BoBk, XZLCFF, AGmz, MgFj, QBN, MpM,