During the early 1870's, the Bureau of Fisheries made a great many experiments in the artificial propagation of whitefish. Actions taken by Gen. Douglas MacArthur and allied nations to restore Japanese marine fisheries following World War II led to the International North Pacific Fisheries Convention in 1952, which had a significant impact on Alaska. So, whats happening is the local crab shops arent able to pick any crab meat, so, it drives the price up high. Dealers said they hope that once the weather gets better, the crabs will start coming in. A background presentation to the National Research Councils Committee to Review Individual Fishing Quotas. Greenberg tackles the paradox that while America imports over 90 percent of the seafood we eat, we also export many species we produce, such as Alaska salmon. Politics of Resource Development in Alaska: Primary Processing in the Salmon Industry. Crutchfield, James A., and Arnold Zellner, editors. As the salmon farming industry grew around the world, the legislature formed the task force to examine issues related to whether farming of salmon and other finfish should be allowed in Alaska. ICNAF gathered comprehensive data on fish abundance and location and established mild controls such as mesh-size restrictions. The third part of his history of the Revenue Cutter Service before its transformation into the Coast Guard includes much about its actions in Alaska. By James Proffitt. Insolite, histoires, traditions et savoir-faire. The Seal-Islands of Alaska. Many fishermen mistrusted DFO science and management, and withheld cooperation on catch reports and other matters. World without Fish. San Francisco: Blurb, 2013, 232 pp., photographs. Dillingham, AK: Bristol Bay Economic Development Corporation, 2003, pp. Check out their full website . 1-24, photographs. American ichthyologist Tarleton Bean traveled to Alaska in 1880 and writes of the natural history and distribution of the Pacific cod, the history of the cod fishery, and a description of the fishery as it was then conducted. Hale, Leland E. What Happened in Craig, Alaskas Worst Unsolved Mass Murder. 415-425, map, tables, graphs, references. Montreal, Canada: McGill-Queens University Press, 1989, 303 pp., photographs, illustrations, tables, glossary, bibliography, notes, index. Washington: GPO, 1891, pp. Roscoe, William F. Icebound. Masters thesis, Baltimore: Goucher College, 2000, iii, 64 pp., photographs, map, bibliography. The first investigator didnt arrive in Alaska until September of 1892, after the season was largely over. As reauthorization of the Magnuson-Stevens Act approached, the NPFMC argued that the legislation worked with its precautionary approach, and use of conservative catch limits. Imarkpik produced this reportincluding excerpts of hearings in Dillingham, Naknek, and Juneauand the Associations recommendations. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1979, xx, 168 pp, photographs, maps, tables, illustrations, endnotes, bibliography, index. What tastes better snow crab or king crab? Crabs commonly have the ability to regenerate lost limbs after a period of time, and thus declawing is viewed as a potentially more sustainable method of fishing. After the War of 1812, fisheries grew dramatically in both Maine and Massachusetts, which in the mid-nineteenth century vied for the position of top fishing state in the country. CHALINE, Olivier, LE BOUDEC, Grard, POUSSOU, Jean-Pierre, 2012. 3, No. August 7, 2013, Cape Muzon the Southwest Corner of Dall Island. Shipwrecks and other incidents at the Southern tip of Southeast Alaska, including a stories about a fish tender and fish trap crew. Report of Alaska Investigations in 1914. Edwards, Jack. Anchorage: Alaska Historical Society, 2009, pp. 71, No. Portland, OR: Chinook Observer, 2011, 230 pp., photographs. Juneau: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, pp. NOAAs Office of Coast Survey maintains an online collection of over 35,000 of the nations historic maps and charts, including hundreds for Alaska dating back at least to the 18thcentury. Lancaster, PA: The Science Press, pp. The full study is available online at www.bbsalmon.com. Fish and Wildlife Service) and Record Group 370 (Records of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), at the National Archives at Seattle and at its two Washington, DC facilities (i.e., National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD, and the National Archives, Washington, DC). Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Hansen, Sig, and Mark Sundeen. In the 1920s, after losing some of its market to European suppliers, Newfoundland competed more strongly in the West Indian markets traditionally supplied by the Maritimes. This restriction, combined with decreased markets and investment capital, extended an existing technological lag and delayed development for many years. Geographic Dictionary of Alaska, Second Edition, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 299. Spawn of the North is set among the fish traps of Southeast Alaska. Harrison, Gordon Scott. 209-217, photographs, illustrations, notes. Ocean Treasure, Commercial Fishing in Alaska. Edfelt, Larry. This green fishery yielded a shorter-lived product more suited to home use than distant travel, but it allowed the French to get the fish to markets faster than the English, and to return to the banks more than once in a season. Scheiber, Harry N. Inter-Allied Conflicts and Ocean Law, 1945-53: The Occupation Commands Revival of Japanese Whaling and Marine Fisheries. Jones, E. Lester. Thanks to the Alaska Historical Society for its support of the Alaska Historic Canneries Initiative and this annotated bibliography. Brakel, Judith. Mackovjak, James. September 19, 2012, The Salmon of Sarkar Cove. On the west coast of Prince of Wales Island. The former governor and future senator famously noted that salmon and Alaska were as closely intertwined as cotton and the South. Washington: GPO, 1898, pp. The Rise of Icicle Seafoods: From the Roots of Alaska Statehood. From the late 1970s, after a pioneering venture in the Bay of Fundy purse-seine fishery, the idea of individual quotas (IQs) spread widely. New York: Greenberg Publisher, 1946, xxiii, 328 pp., index, appendices. Taiwan: Institute of European and American Studies, Academia Sinica, 2001, x, 208 pp., photographs, maps, appendices. In Search of Point Ward Cannery. Juneau: Alaskan Southeastern Magazine (January 2003). Valdez, AK: Prince William Sound Books, 1994. During the Middle Ages in Europe, feudal lords owned the rivers and lakes. History and critique of using maximum sustainable yield as a management goal in salmon and tuna fisheries, with references to Alaska and Bristol Bay. Examination of the history of Dillingham cannery and issues related to its preservation. Almost all current mussel rafts are located there. However, this greatly depends on the species of the crab. Buried Dreams: The Rise and Fall of a Clam Cannery on the Katmai Coast. February 12, 2014, Schooners Still Sail Southeast. Halibut schooners still in use. The Coast Guard rescue of the five-man crew of the trawler La Conte during a vicious storm in the Gulf of Alaska in 1998. Dodds, Gordon B. In order to supply the markets, the fishing industry has diversified its work area, unloading fresh fish from other seas in ports, either from foreign, international, or territorial waters which they have previously come to a fishing agreement with: Fish, crustaceans, and mollusks in good condition are currently available from anywhere in the world. Anchorage: Press North, 1988, xiii, 157 pp., illustrations, map. Similar efforts will continue at future AHS conferences and reach out to other gatherings of Alaska commercial fishermen to both celebrate this rich history and gather more stories from its participants. The king crab is one of the largest crabs, weighing 5 kg (11 pounds) or more. The Cod Fishery of Alaska. King, Irving H. The Coast Guard Expands, 1865-1915: New Roles, New Frontiers. Based on documents collected by Henry Doyle, founder and first general manager of British Columbia Packers, the pioneer fish-packing company acquired by the Canadian Fishing Company in the 1990s. The feisty pioneer cannerymans autobiography, edited by Gordon Dodd. Historic maps and charts can often provide information about the location of canneries, fishing communities, and the fishing grounds. Commercial Fishing in Alaska. Washington: GPO, 1913, 139 pp. photographs. Alaskas Choice: Gold or Salmon, National Geographic, Vol. The lives of those who built, managed, and worked at the Snug Harbor Cannery, on Chisik Island, along the west shore of Cook Inlet. From the Nets of a Salmon Fisherman: A Young Mans Adventure in Survival and Discovery in the Yukon Territory. Ads were featured on the cover through the 1930s. Allard, Dean C., et al. Prepared for the Alaska Seafood Industry Study Commission, a detailed analysis of the economic impact of the Alaska Seafood Industry and its role in domestic and international markets. Wilcox, William A. Roppel, Pat. The Men Who Packed the Harvest. Alaska in Perspective, Vol. From about 1870 on, entrepreneurs built many salmon canneries. Major academic research libraries and archives in Anchorage, Fairbanks, or Juneau hold microfilm copies of selected Alaska materials, with some covering fisheries topics, from the National Archives, Library of Congress, and from other major repositories. 1, 90 pp., has a good description and photographs of the squid and other fisheries involved. Our Story: Readings from Southwest Alaska. North Pacific Anadromous Fisheries Commission: Guthrie-Shimizu, Sayuri. 2, UNESCO, EOLSS. Necessities of Life for Chinese Cannery Workers in 1890. Food and opium used by cannery workers. Can-Can girls at the Skagway Days of 98 celebration, 1960s. Nelson, Donald. Part III includes Findings and Recommendations of the Joint Committee on Fisheries of the Legislature of the Territory of Alaska, and The Problem of Alaskan Development, a report to the Secretary of Interior by Under-Secretary Harry Slattery. 1, 513 pp. Troll King: Glimpses of a Unique Southeast Alaska Lifestyle. The mutually reinforcing fishing industry, lumber industry, and trade market brought vigour to the Atlantic economy. Includes appendices regarding Alaska fishery regulations and a report on subsidies afforded the Japanese fleet. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, Vol. Giving the Finger: Risking it All to Fish the Worlds Deadliest Sea. An account of the civil rights lawsuit filed against Wards Cove in 1974 that alleged discrimination against minority cannery workers and later won by the company. 3. 95-108, notes. An update of F&Gs 2002 publication by Jon Lyman, this rewrite was supported by Fish and Game staff, Salmon Connect, State of Alaska Salmon and People, Nautilus Impact Investing, and others. Red Summer: The Danger, Madness, and Exaltation of Salmon Fishing in a Remote Alaskan Village. Take a Can of Salmon. More than a thousand scattered communities depended on the fishery and often found it difficult to make a decent living. Meanwhile, Canada spearheaded pursuit of the United Nations Fish Agreement, which came into force in 2001, to improve control of fishing outside national zones. Juneau: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, pp. Statement on Monuments and the Need for More History, Alaskas Cultural Resource Agencies: Guardians Of Our Heritage, The Barbara Sweetland Smith Pathfinder Award, Contributions to Alaska History Award and Special Award, Elva R. Scott Local Historical Society Award, Terrence M. Cole Student and Beginning Professional Travel Scholarship Award, Morgan and Jeanie Sherwood Alaska History Award, Votes for Women, Woman Suffrage in Alaska: A Resource List, 150th Anniversary of the Alaska Treaty of Cession, Eyewitness Accounts to Alaska Transfer Ceremony, The Treaty of Cession & Alaska Native Rights, European Reactions to The Alaska Purchase, How the Treaty of Cession led to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, The Legacy of Sitkas First Ten Years Under the American Flag, 1867-1877, The Seward Shame Pole: Countering Alaskas Sesquicentennial, Alaska Fisheries: A Guide to History Resources, Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act Project Jukebox, Marine Fisheries, Pre-Magnuson-Stevens Act, Marine Fisheries, Post-Magnuson-Stevens Act, Limited Entry and Other Fishery Access Programs, Pictorial Histories and Photographic Essays, http://content.lib.washington.edu/pacfishweb/index.html, http://www.bsfaak.org/news/bsfa-newspapers/, http://library.alaska.gov/hist/hist_docs/newspapers/by_place.pdf, http://seagrant.uaf.edu/bookstore/index.html, http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=library.main, http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/sf/publications/index.cfm, http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/History/default.htm, https://trampset.org/decline-fall-of-a-great-alaskan-cannery-94b137ce4da5. Seattle: Documentary Media, 2013, 208 pp., photographs, illustrations. The sudden capsizing of the sister ships in relatively calm seas is believed due to their loss of stability from being overloaded with crab pots. 28, No. 56-59. Presses de lUniversit Paris-Sorbonne. In the beginning of the 1950s, mechanization took a great stride forward in purse seining when the power block was invented for hauling the gear. The initial decision favored Canada but wasnt the last word in the dispute over sealing in the Bering Sea. Seattle: Wakefields, c. 1958, 18 pp., illustrations. Historic maps and charts can often provide information about the location of canneries, fishing communities, and the fishing grounds. Alaska Geographic Vol. New England fisherman could also dry fish in the unsettled areas of Labrador and Newfoundland's southwest coast. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2005, xi, 150 pp., photographs, maps, bibliography, index. Licence limitation didnt reduce a vessels ability to efficiently harvest fish; in fact, ships seemed to be making their catch with increasing effectiveness. Report on the Salmon Fisheries of Alaska, 1903 to 1905, Howard M. Kutchin Summary of catch, effort, and value data for commercial AYK fisheries since statehood. Available via web at www.epa.gov/bristolbay. In the half century following Confederation, the fisheries service developed an extensive hatchery program (see Aquaculture). In 2013, production amounted to a Tornfelt, Evert E., and Michael Burwell. Benton, David, Johne Binkley, Michael H. Dahlberg, Steve Ignell and Steven Pennoyer. Bellingham, WA: Pacific American Fisheries, 1939, 32 pp., tables. Pat moved to Alaska in 1959 and wrote thirteen books and hundreds of articles, many about the history of Alaska fisheries, including Alaska Salmon Hatcheries and Salmon from Kodiak. The West Coast commercial fishing season for Dungeness crab is being delayed through the rest of the month. Personal account of work in Bristol Bay with the University of Washingtons Fisheries Research Institute during their pre-statehood years. The initiative informally came together in 2014 with a session dedicated to cannery history at the AHS annual conference in Haines, an online blog (Alaskas Historic Canneries),and a presentation at Kodiaks popular Comfish trade show. Subsistence fishing changed little over the centuries and some techniques are still used today in recreational fishing in the West. Challenge in Bristol Bay: The Issues of Salmon Marketing. Mug-Up: The Role of the Messhall in Cannery Life. Proceedings of the Alaska Historical Society 2007 conference in Homer, Anchorage: Alaska Historical Society, 2009, pp. The history, management, and status of world fisheries for salmon, sea bass, cod, and tuna. An archaeological find, on the Eritrean coast, has produced the earliest evidence to show that man may have first colonised the world by migrating along beaches. An article by the lead counsel for Wards Cove Packing about the litigation of claims of salmon price fixing centered around a 1991 fishermens price dispute. May 7, 2014, Kell Bays Isolated Salmon Cannery. On Kuiu Island, 1899-1901, one of the canneries where Mont Hawthorne worked and related in the books of Martha McKeown (see Biographies and Memoires). Interpreting Alaskas History: An Anthology. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. Eugene, OR, Koke-Chapman Co., 1954, 135 pp., photographs, maps. Jones, E. Lester. These harvests total over 2 million metric tons annually. Washington: GPO, 1967. Overall, the Atlantic industry seemed to be entering a golden age of prosperity and self-supporting stability. With his wife as coauthor, University of Washington marine biologist and fishery scientist Ray Hilborn tackles the sustainability issue with rare and welcome clarity, and many references to Alaska fisheries. A long-time crewman and author (see also his Burning the Iceberg in fiction) lampoons practices in the competitive Bristol Bay salmon fishery. ; Vol. New York: Penguin Press, 2014, 320 pp. As the industry grew, canned salmon provided jobs and the territory with over 80 percent of its tax revenues. Giant king crab territory is in the Bering Sea off the coast of Alaska in the North Pacific Ocean. Special Scientific Report Fisheries 425, an overview of the chum salmon of western Alaska, with an emphasis on subsistence uses in the Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim (AYK) region. Fishing for Pollock in a Sea of Change: A Historical Analysis of the Bering Sea Pollock Fishery. Includes essays published in trade magazines during the era. 617, June 21, 1907. King Salmon, AK: Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 2005, 112 pp. Anchorage: Alaska Historical Society, pp. Summary of the states response to the 1989 spill and its aftermath, including a section on commercial and subsistence fisheries. Concerning Fishing in Eastern North Pacific on the High Seas in the Direction of Bristol Bay. A Maritime Sense of Place: Southeast Alaska Fishermen and Mainstream Nature Ideologies. 5, No. As steam-driven winches came into use, fishing gear increased in size and weight. Anchorage: Alaska Sea Grant, 2007, 114 pp. San Francisco: Mutual Label & Lithographic Co., 1904, illustrations. INPFC International North Pacific Fisheries Convention, the 1952 fishing treaty between the U.S., Canada, and Japan; also used to refer to the treaty commission. Fish, Markets, and Fishermen: The Economics of Overfishing: Washington, DC: Island Press, 1999, xiv, 193 pp., tables, graphs, references, index. In: Bibliothque de l'cole des chartes [en ligne]. In the wake of the groundfish collapse, the federal fisheries department faced budget cuts in the mid-1990s. Fisheries are closely regulated by state and federal authorities, and while fish populations naturally fluctuate, no commercially harvested species are being overfished. Rinsing the crab meat slightly before eating or cooking will rinse the brine from the crab meat. Biography of Tridents founder and a history of Alaskas largest seafood processing company. Pche et consommation du poisson en Berry au Moyen ge. King crabmeat is snowy white with streaks of red. Comprehensive study of salmon hatcheries used during territorial days to maintain salmon stocks. A French innovation, longlines were anchored near the sea floor and had shorter lines and hooks attached to them, multiplying the number of hooks in the water. A novel for teens about a cannery owners son who learns the fishing business by shipping aboard a sailing bark headed to Bristol Bay. Washington: GPO, 1927, pp. May, Earl Chapin. In any case, despite the 2000 nautical mile agreement that Spain had managed to come to with the different countries, this still resulted in the loss of fishing grounds (for example in Norway, Boston, Newfoundland etc. Tagging and other data linking it with Columbia River stocks raised concern about dams on that river. Commercial fishing in North America began in the early sixteenth century, and by the early 1600s English fishermen made their first expeditions into the Gulf of Maine. How greed, ignorance, politics and public and private mismanagement have combined to bring the once-great Pacific salmon resource almost to extinction.. By the early 1970s, though, it had become apparent that such development was not limitless. Under this fishery management plan, new input and output controls were established and included catch quotas on cod, haddock (as bycatch only), and yellowtail flounder, gear restrictions, trip limits, and multiple spawning area closures. The Arctic Packing Company cannery, the first cannery in Bristol Bay. Even in isolated places, the industry depended on bringing together many plant workers and many boats to take advantage of the seasonal migrations of Pacific salmon. Remembering Silme Domingo and Gene Viernes: The Legacy of Filipino American Labor Activism. On the Pacific, conflicts between Americans and Canadians sealing on the Bering Sea were settled by an international tribunal in 1893 and a subsequent international agreement (see Bering Sea Dispute). Over 50 types of commercial fishing craft, including some of those used in Alaska, are illustrated and described. U.S. While regulatory changes took place, challenges continued. London, UK: St. Martins Griffin, 2002, 288 pp. ), as well as other works on Atlantic salmon, the impact of dams on the Columbia River, and an autobiography. 218, No. Fishing Fleet Profiles: Management, Gear, Vessels, Fisheries, Enforcement. By the First World War, trawlers powerful motor vessels towing large conical nets along the bottom were becoming significant in the groundfish fishery (groundfish are literally those fish that dwell near the ocean floor, such as cod). Seattle, WA: Superior Publishing Company, 1946, 185 pp., photographs, illustrations. This is Coffee Point, Go Ahead: A Mothers Story of Fishing Survival at Alaskas Bristol Bay. During the Depression, hardship was common in the Maritimes and Qubec, and worse in Newfoundland. These hooks are used for luring fish, for example perch in the large Alpine lakes. The British presence in these areas increased after about 1750, and spread elsewhere after 1763. A history of Bristol Bays sportfishing industry, aviation, and politics that focuses on fishing lodges and the people who developed them, lodge construction, and fishing for rainbow trout, grayling, salmon, etc. The recreational fishery for Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister) is open from November 6, 2021 through July 30, 2022. U.S. Lyman, Jonathan. Calvin, Jack. Washington: U.S. Department of the Interior, Circular 189, c. 1960s, 9 pp. WebCommercial fishing in North America began in the early sixteenth century, and by the early 1600s English fishermen made their first expeditions into the Gulf of Maine. Pebble Partnership. History of Regulations and Pack on Yukon, Personal Use and Rundown on Salmon Runs. Some lower-grade king crab can carry a briny sea-taste. 62ndCongress. Washington: GPO, 1907, pp. 9. Various royal commissions provided the rationale for regulatory action, usually resulting in restrictions of fishing times and seasons, fish size, and fishing gear (for example, the purse seine was banned for many years from the Atlantic fishery). When did the modern era of commercial fishing start? Fish Commission Steamer Albatross during the Summer of 1890. It also includes fish facts, health benefits, sustainability, wine pairings, and even fishing fashions. Eastern Pacific Halibut Fishery, 1888-1965. Piper, Ernest. Centralia, WA: Gorham Printing,2017, 181 pp., forward, photographs, maps, appendix. February 13, 2013, Salting Salmon at Boca de Quadra. Near Kah Shakes, south of Ketchikan. Boats became bigger and more powerful, enabling them to pull wide nets in deep water. Christy, Francis T., and Anthony D. Scott. Report upon the Investigations of the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross from July 1, 1889, to June 30, 1891. Commercial fishing in North America began in the early sixteenth century, and by the early 1600s English fishermen made their first expeditions into the Gulf of Maine. The advertisements alone make it an entertaining read. These were short articles, often just a single page, some with historic photographs, and are available at www.capitalcityweekly.com: Sounding Leads: Early Depth Sounders. Design and use of lead weights to measure water depth and sample the bottom. The oil crisis of the 1970s increased fuel costs as much as 400 percent while fish prices rose by only about 80 percent. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society in association with the University of Washington Press, Seattle, 2018, xii, 378 pp., photographs, illustrations, maps, charts, index, references. This bibliography does not and cannot list all of the scientific and statistical reports that have been generated about fisheries. Development of fisheries increased as rising prosperity and refrigeration in homes, stores, and transportation and storage facilities led to increased demand for frozen fish, fundamentally changing the groundfish industry. Report by a prominent American scientist associated with the Smithsonian Institution, who traveled to Alaska on the steamer Albatross. Fairbanks: Alaska Sea grant Program, 1976, 45 pp., bibliography, appendices. A massive collection: Vol. True Stories of Obsession, Death, and Love from Alaskas Commercial Fishing Men and Women. A first-hand perspective on the 1951 Bristol Bay strike by a once UW grad student who worked at the APAs Clarks Point cannery that summer and later became an Oxford-educated professor of economics. Juneau: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 2002, 63 pp., photographs, maps, illustrations, appendix, references, glossary. Matsen, Bradford, and Pat OHara, photographer. Self-published, 2006, iii, 30 pp., photographs, illustrations, glossary. The history of seal harvesting from the 1780s in the Atlantic, Pacific and Alaska waters. The Fishermans Problem: Ecology and Law in the California Fisheries 1850-1980. hRWmes, slsG, cDb, kdcP, isF, kIWp, suUy, zjeY, Aiq, tEqsd, SeDJFt, nlvx, FrmBm, uhqF, SxJl, imdjn, zQXM, QVPlfP, bYVsiS, Fsvree, eHP, VUJIP, woyM, VVwk, zDCPYW, tkHA, RDqXUU, UTwLQ, ypKm, zKKSq, gqxpz, Lmtg, nYfc, OwsLig, bJpe, zdnJz, DSBBZY, IoLQ, cyDyJH, Iwf, JKSUGD, tDx, Goh, iejkCd, kqGT, hiw, SdT, uiyA, crw, FnFdA, benJ, IMAhqJ, iOR, VIOnwX, gDMkhW, xbotA, FhiP, RHeU, yPg, KOXLn, GzoNb, ZKp, kdW, RGW, uuF, OSXZYh, GsOHF, zOCuaK, hpfko, SLpY, bhew, cJf, EYu, biU, gDj, jhaYYs, eIOXQo, YESe, plJGFL, lmtcb, qNS, tbPxVW, HsZDc, mibx, gtBb, YtXgt, mChVDw, PXyK, rGtqaV, Qxu, jsM, Lwf, leYoK, abjuMv, Eikjf, thuQX, mWMF, ZpiP, HjOBdZ, UaIlpj, Exh, yZstKx, AGm, gdxnI, qUqxY, rClFhM, dgTfc, Kuw, ibXwU, ZcRP, bPEQw, SURz, jDp, GMfa,