[g] Augustus also styled himself as Imperator Caesar divi filius, "Commander Caesar son of the deified one". His full name is Ab Al al-usayn ibn Abd Allh ibn Sn, the last two words of which were Latinized into the more common form in Western history. Reigned under the name of Tiberius until deposed by Justinian II in 705. To ensure stability, he needed to designate an heir to his unique position in Roman society and government. Francis Dvornik", Displaying the Emperor's Authority and Kharaktr on the Marketplace, Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Byzantine_emperors&oldid=1122907109, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Born on 7 August 317, as the second surviving son of Constantine I, he inherited the eastern third of Roman Empire upon his father's death, sole Roman Emperor from 353, after the overthrow of the western usurper, Born in May 332, grandson of Constantius Chlorus and cousin of Constantius II. In that year, Augustus arranged a system where the Senate designated three of its members as prime commissioners in charge of the water supply and to ensure that Rome's aqueducts did not fall into disrepair. In many languages, Caesar became the word for emperor, as in the German Kaiser and in the Bulgarian and subsequently Russian Tsar (sometimes Csar or Czar). As a consequence of Roman customs, society, and personal preference, Augustus (/ s t s / aw-GUST-s) was known by many names throughout his life: . Anicius Olybrius (died 2 November 472) was Roman emperor from July 472 until his death later that same year; his rule as Augustus in the western Roman Empire was not recognised as legitimate by the ruling Augustus in the eastern Roman Empire, Leo I (r. 457474).He was in reality a puppet ruler raised to power by Ricimer, the magister militum of Germanic descent, He offered the king of Parthia, Artabanus IV of Parthia, a marriage proposal between himself and the king's daughter. [151] Further, he was causing political problems by desiring to have his nephew Marcus Claudius Marcellus follow in his footsteps and eventually assume the principate in his turn,[i] alienating his three greatest supporters: Agrippa, Maecenas, and Livia. Baptized Heraclius, he reigned as Constantine. [106][107] In late 32BC, the Senate officially revoked Antony's powers as consul and declared war on Cleopatra's regime in Egypt. This is a list of the Byzantine emperors from the foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD, which marks the conventional start of the Eastern Roman Empire, to its fall to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD. [26] However, few of those that gained citizenship were wealthy, and while it is true that Rome was in a difficult financial situation, it is thought that this could not have been the sole purpose of the edict. [31] If Glycerius was not the instigator, it is possible that the murder was caused by Nepos in 480 actively beginning to prepare his forces for a real attempt at recovering Italy militarily, and that his supporters in Dalmatia were unwilling to embark on such an adventure. [120], On 16 January 27BC[137] the Senate gave Octavian the titles of augustus and princeps. His project failed, however, as Ricimer, who had become the Magister militum of the West, chose Libius Severus as new Emperor (461465). Galba (/ l b /; born Servius Sulpicius Galba; 24 December 3 BC 15 January AD 69) was the sixth Roman emperor, ruling from AD 68 to 69.After his adoption by his stepmother, and before becoming emperor, he was known as Livius Ocella Sulpicius Galba.He was the first emperor in the Year of the Four Emperors and assumed the throne following Emperor Nero's [6] Ecdicius successfully managed to relieve a Visigothic siege of Arles in 474, but he was less successful in 475 as there simply was not enough remaining military resources to achieve victory. [15], Olybrius died of dropsy after only seven months of rule, most likely on 2 November. [120][127] The Senate's control over some of the Roman provinces helped maintain a republican faade for the autocratic principate. Augustus's body was coffin-bound and cremated on a pyre close to his mausoleum. He had clear, bright eyes His teeth were wide apart, small, and ill-kept; his hair was slightly curly and inclined to golden;[l] his eyebrows met. Following the establishment of the rival Holy Roman Empire in Western Europe, the title "Autokrator" (Gr. This in effect made the antoninianus equal to about 1.5denarii. [3], The title of all Emperors preceding Heraclius was officially "Augustus", although other titles such as Dominus were also used. In 22, 21, and 19BC, the people rioted in response and only allowed a single consul to be elected for each of those years, ostensibly to leave the other position open for Augustus. Nepos is first attested on 1 June 473,[16] when he is described as magister militum Dalmatiae,[7][19] although it is possible that he had held that rank ever since Marcellinus' death. WebAvitus was born in Clermont to a family of the Gallo-Roman nobility.His father was possibly Agricola, consul in 421. Zeno's opponents were the Germanic generals and Chrysaphius the eunuch, - not fellow Isaurians. The story was first published in the Argentinian journal Sur, May 1940.The "postscript" dated 1947 is intended to be anachronistic, set seven years in the future.The first English-language translation of the story was published in 1961.. Told in a first-person narrative, the Died in 476/477, Born c. 520. Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; Boda, Sharon La (1 January 1996). Tweet Feigning reluctance, he accepted a ten-year responsibility of overseeing provinces that were considered chaotic. [155] This was a clever ploy by Augustus; ceasing to serve as one of two annually elected consuls allowed aspiring senators a better chance to attain the consular position while allowing Augustus to exercise wider patronage within the senatorial class. Octavius mentions his father's equestrian family only briefly in his memoirs. [16][21], Nepos and his force landed at Portus, near Rome,[7] where he was promptly proclaimed Caesar,[16][e] per the procedure preceding elevation to the rank of Augustus (emperor). [33], Construction on the Baths of Caracalla began in 211 at the start of Caracalla's rule. [188][187] Augustus ensured that the facade of Republican government continued with an effective cover-up of the events. Towards the end of the Empire, the standard imperial formula of the Byzantine ruler was "[Emperor's name] in Christ, Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans" (cf. [6], In 479, Nepos' hopes may have been ignited when Theodoric, the king of the Ostrogoths, offered to pledge his troops to fight for Nepos' claim. Due to his minority he was under the regency of his mother, Born in 1056, a nephew of Isaac I Komnenos. [164][152], Soon after his bout of illness subsided, Augustus gave up his consulship. [5] Nepos never renounced his claim to the western empire, and continued to be recognised in the east instead of Romulus Augustulus. His official images were very tightly controlled and idealized, drawing from a tradition of Hellenistic portraiture rather than the tradition of realism in Roman portraiture. WebXing110 His tyrannical career became the subject of the work of several French painters such as Greuze, Julien de Parme, David, Bonvoisin, J.-A.-C. Pajou, and Lethire. [20] While Caracalla was mustering and training troops for his planned Persian invasion, Julia remained in Rome, administering the empire. [6][16] He is known to have issued coins throughout Italy, such as at Rome, Ravenna and Mediolanum. Beyond the frontiers, he secured the empire with a buffer region of client states and made peace with the Parthian Empire through diplomacy. His public career at an end, he effectively was exiled to a villa at Cape Circei in Italy. Yona (, Yona?) La comunicazione off line ed on line. Moreover, the Senate augmented Augustus's proconsular imperium into imperium proconsulare maius, or proconsular imperium applicable throughout the empire that was more (maius) or greater than that held by the other proconsuls. [91], Caracalla has had a reputation as being among the worst of Roman emperors, a perception that survives even into modern works. WebAurelian (Latin: Lucius Domitius Aurelianus; 9 September 214 c. October 275) was a Roman emperor, who reigned during the Crisis of the Third Century, from 270 to 275.As emperor, he won an unprecedented series of military victories which reunited the Roman Empire after it had nearly disintegrated under the pressure of barbarian invasions and internal revolts. After Zoe died in 1050 and Constantine in 1055, Theodora assumed full governance of the Empire and reigned until her death. [80], The Historia Augusta is considered by historians as the least trustworthy for all accounts of events, historiography, and biographies among the ancient works and is full of fabricated materials and sources. [132] However, the Senate had control of only five or six legions distributed among three senatorial proconsuls, compared to the twenty legions under the control of Octavian, and their control of these regions did not amount to any political or military challenge to Octavian. He also wears alternating signs on his garb that say either [170][171] Some time prior to 1 September 22 BC, a certain Castricius provided Augustus with information about a conspiracy led by Fannius Caepio. [173] Murena disbelieved Augustus's testimony and resented his attempt to subvert the trial by using his auctoritas. Co-emperor since 720, he succeeded upon his father's death. Born c. 426/431, his original name was Tarasicodissa. Suetonius once commented that Rome was unworthy of its status as an imperial capital, yet Augustus and Agrippa set out to dismantle this sentiment by transforming the appearance of Rome upon the classical Greek model. [181][224] No specific reason is known for his departure, though it could have been a combination of reasons, including a failing marriage with Julia[181][224] as well as a sense of envy and exclusion over Augustus's apparent favouring of his young grandchildren-turned-sons Gaius and Lucius. [41], Octavian could not rely on his limited funds to make a successful entry into the upper echelons of the Roman political hierarchy. The Dark Ages were not so dark. This provided an opportunity for Octavian, who already was known to have armed forces. Augustus's ultimate legacy was the peace and prosperity the Empire enjoyed for the next two centuries under the system he initiated. This was to be achieved in small, undramatic and incremental ways that did not stir senatorial fears of monarchy. Almost the entire fourth chapter in his publicly released memoirs of achievements known as the Res Gestae is devoted to his military victories and honors. During his residence in the Eastern capital, Olybrius expressed his interest in religious matters. [239] Shotter states that Tiberius focused his anger and criticism on Gaius Asinius Gallus (for marrying Vipsania after Augustus forced Tiberius to divorce her), as well as toward the two young Caesars, Gaius and Luciusinstead of Augustus, the real architect of his divorce and imperial demotion. Lepidus was left with the province of Africa, stymied by Antony, who conceded Hispania to Octavian instead. [247] With Rome's civil wars at an end, Augustus was also able to create a standing army for the Roman Empire, fixed at a size of 28 legions of about 170,000 soldiers. Portico of Octavia, Theatre of Marcellus). A final reason for the second settlement was to give the principate constitutional stability and staying power in case something happened to Princeps Augustus. Octavian ensured Rome's citizens of their rights to property in order to maintain peace and stability in his portion of the empire. He failed to encourage enough senators to finance the building and maintenance of networks of roads in Italy in 20 BC, but he undertook direct responsibility for them. Senior emperor alongside John IV in 1259. Romulus Augustus (c. 465 after 511), nicknamed Augustulus, was Roman emperor of the West from 31 October 475 until 4 September 476. Lepidus's troops deserted him, however, and defected to Octavian since they were weary of fighting and were enticed by Octavian's promises of money. [13][17][12], During the reign of his father, Caracalla's mother Julia Domna had played a prominent public role, receiving titles of honour such as "Mother of the camp", but she also played a role behind the scenes helping her husband administer the empire. Born in 968, the elderly aristocrat Romanos was chosen by Constantine VIII on his deathbed as Zoe's husband and succeeded on the throne after Constantine's death a few days later. Roman citizens were protected by the law. Progettiamoe sviluppiamo siti web e portali. His reign was dominated by wars against the, Born on 13 September 1087 as the eldest son of Alexios I. Co-emperor since 1092, he succeeded upon his father's death. Son of Michael IX, he was born on 25 March 1297 and named co-emperor in 1316. In the story, after Severus' death the Romans wanted to make Geta king of Britain, but the Britons preferred Bassianus because he had a British mother. That summer Caracalla began to attack the countryside east of the Tigris in the Parthian war of Caracalla. During his reign he campaigned, aided by Diocletian, against the Sasanian Empire, sacking their capital Ctesiphon in 299. Augustus's retention of an annual consulate drew attention to his de facto dominance over the Roman political system and cut in half the opportunities for others to achieve what was still nominally the preeminent position in the Roman state. [13] In 202, he was Roman consul, having been named consul designatus the previous year. His grandfather had served in several local political offices. If this were true, he was also related to the family of Q. Pompeius Falco, which supplied many politicians of consular rank throughout the 3rd century, and to the 1st-century politician, engineer and author Julius Frontinus. The great villa of Vedius Pollio at Posilipo near Naples was beqeathed (probably forced) to him in 15 BC. [167] Augustus stayed in Rome during the renewal process and provided veterans with lavish donations to gain their support, thereby ensuring that his status of proconsular imperium maius was renewed in 13BC. WebIGN is the leading site for the latest and trending news for video games, interviews, videos, and wikis His early reign was dominated by successive regencies, first by his mother, The only surviving son of Constantine VII, he was born on 15 March 938 and succeeded his father on the latter's death. [258] Tacitus, however, records two contradictory but common views of Augustus: Intelligent people praised or criticized him in varying ways. WebThe Zhuangzi (Chinese: , historically romanized Chuang Tz) is an ancient Chinese text from the late Warring States period (476221 BC) which contains stories and anecdotes that exemplify the carefree nature of the ideal Taoist sage. On the lid are reclining figures of Balbinus and his wife, the figure of the Emperor also being a fine portrait of him. He directed the future of the empire down many lasting paths, from the existence of a standing professional army stationed at or near the frontiers, to the dynastic principle so often employed in the imperial succession, to the embellishment of the capital at the emperor's expense. He did so by courting the Senate and the people while upholding the republican traditions of Rome, appearing that he was not aspiring to dictatorship or monarchy. Placidia was now free, however, joining her husband at Constantinople, where she bore him a daughter, Anicia Juliana, in 462. [30][31] Caracalla responded to this insult by slaughtering the deputation of leading citizens who had unsuspectingly assembled before the city to greet his arrival in December 215, before setting his troops against Alexandria for several days of looting and plunder. Succeeded on his father's death; however, he had been heavily wounded at Pliska and left paralyzed. Gordian's cognomen "Gordianus" suggests that "Constitution of Antoninus", also called "Edict of Caracalla" or "Antonine Constitution") was an edict issued in 212 by Caracalla declaring that all free men in the Roman Empire were to be given full Roman citizenship,[39] with the exception of the dediticii, people who had become subject to Rome through surrender in war, and freed slaves. Lucius Cornelius Balbus was the last man outside Augustus's family to receive this award, in 19BC. By 4 April 215 he had left Nicomedia, and in the summer he was in Antioch on the Orontes. [89][90], In the autumn of 40, Octavian and Antony approved the Treaty of Brundisium, by which Lepidus would remain in Africa, Antony in the East, Octavian in the West. [98], This article is about the Roman emperor. [212] Augustus retaliated by dispatching Tiberius and Drusus to the Rhineland to pacify it, which had some success although the battle brought the end to Roman expansion into Germany. The Senate had no army to enforce their resolutions. He was the younger son of emperor Theodosius I and his first wife Aelia Flaccilla.After the death of Theodosius, Honorius ruled the western half of the empire while his brother Arcadius ruled the eastern half. WebAn emperor (from Latin: imperator, via Old French: empereor) is a monarch, and usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. His brother was murdered by the Praetorian Guard later that year, under orders from Caracalla himself, who then reigned afterwards as sole ruler of the Roman Empire. The Empire's frontiers were on the ocean, or distant rivers. Flavius Zeno (/zino/; Greek: , translit. [89], Sextus Pompeius threatened Octavian in Italy by denying shipments of grain through the Mediterranean Sea to the peninsula. That same year, Rome was sacked again for the second time in less than fifty years, this time by the Vandals under Gaiseric, who captured Valentinian's widow, Licinia Eudoxia, and two of his daughters, Eudocia and Placidia. [220] He took the consulship in 5 and 2BC so that he could personally usher them into their political careers,[221] and they were nominated for the consulships of AD 1 and 4. Born in 1140, the son-in-law of Alexios III and a prominent aristocrat, he deposed Isaac II and Alexios IV in a palace coup. [196] If he were to die from natural causes or fall victim to assassination, Rome could be subjected to another round of civil war. Giessen Papyrus, 40,7-9 "I grant to all the inhabitants of the Empire the Roman citizenship and no one remains outside a civitas, with the exception of the dediticii", The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, "The Spread of Roman Citizenship, 14212 CE: Quantification in the face of high uncertainty", "Metropolitan Museum of Art: Portrait head of the Emperor Caracalla". Meanwhile, Octavian asked for a divorce from Claudia, the daughter of Fulvia (Antony's wife) and her first husband Publius Clodius Pulcher. [17][22] Caracalla and Geta ended the Roman invasion of Caledonia 208210 after concluding a peace with the Caledonians that returned the border of Roman Britain to the line demarcated by Hadrian's Wall. The office of the tribunus plebis began to lose its prestige due to Augustus's amassing of tribunal powers, so he revived its importance by making it a mandatory appointment for any plebeian desiring the praetorship. [223], Tiberius shared in Augustus's tribune powers as of 6BC but shortly thereafter went into retirement, reportedly wanting no further role in politics while he exiled himself to Rhodes. Abdicated following the revolt of Leo the Isaurian and became a monk. [250] Besides the advent of swifter communication among Italian polities, his extensive building of roads throughout Italy also allowed Rome's armies to march swiftly and at an unprecedented pace across the country. [82], After Philippi, a new territorial arrangement was made among the members of the Second Triumvirate. [165], During the second settlement, Augustus was also granted the power of a tribune (tribunicia potestas) for life, though not the official title of tribune. Her three husbands, Romanos III (10281034), Michael IV (10341041) and Constantine IX (10421050) ruled alongside her. [31] Caesar had no living legitimate children under Roman law[d] and so had adopted Octavius, his grand-nephew, making him his primary heir. Clover, "The Family and Early Career of Anicius Olybrius", This page was last edited on 25 November 2022, at 03:33. [5] Nepos was murdered on 9 May 480,[b] at his villa near Salona, possibly the same building as Diocletian's Palace,[5] by members of his retinue, the cometis Ovida and Viator. Following their victory at the Battle of Philippi (42 BC), the Triumvirate divided the Roman Republic among themselves and ruled as de facto dictators. [60][61] He assumed the fasces on 7 January,[62] a date that he would later commemorate as the beginning of his public career. [227] This continued the tradition of presenting at least two generations of heirs. Philip H. Highfill, Kalman A. Burnim, Edward A. Langhans. By AD 13, Augustus boasted 21 occasions where his troops proclaimed "imperator" as his title after a successful battle. WebConstantine was born in Naissus (today Ni, Serbia), part of the Dardania province of Moesia on 27 February, c. AD 272. Augustus brought a far greater portion of the Empire's expanded land base under consistent, direct taxation from Rome, instead of exacting varying, intermittent, and somewhat arbitrary tributes from each local province as Augustus's predecessors had done. Augustus dramatically enlarged the empire, annexing Egypt, Dalmatia, Pannonia, Noricum and Raetia, expanding possessions in Africa, and completing the conquest of Hispania, but he suffered a major setback in Germania. After a theatrical display of refusal before the Senate, Augustus finally accepted authority over Rome's grain supply "by virtue of his proconsular imperium", and ended the crisis almost immediately. Thanks to his prestige or auctoritas, his wishes would usually be obeyed, but there might be some difficulty. [13], When the inhabitants of Alexandria heard of Caracalla's claims that he had killed his brother Geta in self-defence, they produced a satire mocking this as well as Caracalla's other pretensions. Now he decided to assume the full powers of the magistracy, renewed annually, in perpetuity. [234], Augustus's famous last words were, "Have I played the part well? His ears were of moderate size, and his nose projected a little at the top and then bent ever so slightly inward. [274], Although this did not apply to the Subura slums, which were still as rickety and fire-prone as ever, he did leave a mark on the monumental topography of the centre and of the Campus Martius, with the Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace) and monumental sundial, whose central gnomon was an obelisk taken from Egypt. [64][65], The Senate heaped many more rewards on Decimus Brutus than on Octavian for defeating Antony, then attempted to give command of the consular legions to Decimus Brutus. [88] Despite this, the outline of events as presented by Dio are described by Rowan as generally accurate, while the motivations that Dio suggests are of questionable origin. Honorius (9 September 384 15 August 423) was Roman emperor from 393 to 423. [34], These large baths were typical of the Roman practice of building complexes for social and state activities in large densely populated cities. [81] After two battles at Philippi in Macedonia in October 42, the Caesarian army was victorious and Brutus and Cassius committed suicide. [229], On 19 August AD 14,[230][231] Augustus died while visiting Nola where his father had died. Allegedly died of grief due to the accidental murder of his second son. Provincials were decently treated. Antony besieged him at Mutina[58] and rejected the resolutions passed by the Senate to stop the fighting. [75], During Caracalla's sole reign, from 212 to 217, a significant shift in representation took place. Antony fell on his own sword and was taken by his soldiers back to Alexandria where he died in Cleopatra's arms. 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