doi: 10.1104/pp.114.238873, Matsuo, M., Johnson, J. M., Hieno, A., Tokizawa, M., Nomoto, M., Tada, Y., et al. Tuteja N., Sahoo R. K., Garg B., Tuteja R. (2013). Sci Signal 7(320):ra33, Skelly MJ, Loake GJ (2013) Synthesis of redox-active molecules and their signaling functions during the expression of plant disease resistance. Lower ROS levels activate TCP and directly regulate the expression of cell cycle-related genes CYCA2;3, and CYCB1;1, thus promoting SAM cell division and maintaining SAM stability (Viola et al., 2013; Schippers et al., 2016). Proteins containing zinc finger domain(s) were widely reported to be key players in the regulation of ROS-related defense genes in Arabidopsis and other species. WUS, WUSCHEL, a regulator maintaining stem cell identity in shoot apical meristem. Epub 2009 Jun 23. Further experiments showed that GmNAC29 is a negative factor of stress tolerance for enhancing the ROS production under abiotic stress by directly activating the expression of the gene encoding ROS production enzyme. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 54:93107, Droillard MJ, Paulin A (1990) Isozymes of superoxide dismutase in mitochondria and peroxisomes isolated from petals of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) during senescence. WRKY transcription factors: from DNA binding towards biological function. Arch Biochem Biophys 506:111, CrossRef Hundreds or even 1000s of genes that regulate stress responses have been identified in crop plants by diverse functional genomics approaches (Hu and Xiong, 2014). Lin F., Ding H., Wang J., Zhang H., Zhang A., Zhang Y., et al. Plant Physiol 110:589598, Corpas FJ, Barroso JB (2014) NADPH-generating dehydrogenases: their role in the mechanism of protection against nitro-oxidative stress induced by adverse environmental conditions. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20421-5_1, Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Damage in Plants Under Stress, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. This reveals a new connection between epigenetic control and cellular redox homeostasis. Free Radic. Overexpression of a calcium-dependent protein kinase confers salt and drought tolerance in rice by preventing membrane lipid peroxidation. Plant Physiol Biochem 46:292301, Asada K, Kiso K, Yoshikawa K (1974) Univalent reduction of molecular oxygen by spinach chloroplasts on illumination. Helicases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the unwinding of energetically stable duplex DNA or RNA secondary structures, and thereby play an important role in almost all DNA and/or RNA metabolic processes. crop plants, transcription factors, reactive oxygen species, abiotic stress, antioxidative enzymes, gene regulation. Plant Sci. However, their function in ROS homeostasis and regulation of gene expression remain unclear. (2018). The emerging role of reactive oxygen species signaling during lateral root development. Recent studies also showed that OsSRT1 not only inhibits the moonlighting transcriptional activation activity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase (GAPDH),which binds the promoters of glycolytic genes and stimulates their expression, but also reduces the acetylation of GAPDH lysine residues and its nuclear accumulation that are otherwise enhanced by oxidative stress in rice seedlings (Zhang et al., 2017b). CAT, APX, and GPX then detoxify H2O2. The Arabidopsis a zinc finger domain protein ARS1 is essential for seed germination and ROS homeostasis in response to ABA and oxidative stress. Overexpression of OsAPX2 increased APX activity and reduced H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in transgenic plants under stress treatments (Zhang et al., 2013). Plant cells have a compartmentalization of ROS production in the different organelles including chloroplasts, mitochondria, or peroxisomes, and they also have a complex battery of antioxidant enzymes usually close to the site of ROS production. Cutler S. R., Rodriguez P. L., Finkelstein R. R., Abrams S. R. (2010). Epub 2009 Oct 15. It is also very important to clarify the mechanisms regulating ROS signaling pathways and their interplay during abiotic stresses. Accordingly, the augmented ROS levels are sensed and restrictively controlled by a battery of ROS-scavenging systems. doi: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2005.11.002, Wang, J. X., Gao, J., Ding, S. L., Wang, K., Jiao, J. Q., Wang, Y., et al. Accessibility (2016). To summarize, plants integrate ROS with genetic, epigenetic, hormones and external signals to promote development and environmental adaptation. Plant Physiol 141:312322, Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC (2007) Free radicals in biology and medicine. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in As reactive molecules, ROS oxidize and modify some cellular components and prevent them from performing their original functions (Apel and Hirt, 2004; Mittler et al., 2004). 10:166. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00166, Dunand, C., Crevecoeur, M., and Penel, C. (2007). Nitric oxide induced by hydrogen peroxide mediates abscisic acid-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade involved in antioxidant defense in maize leaves. J Biol Chem 249:21752181, CAS 2016YFD0100301-006-1), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. Plant Cell 24:275287, Demmig-Adams B, Adams W (2006) Photoprotection in an ecological context: the remarkable complexity of thermal energy dissipation. Downloadable! Bonifacio A., Martins M. O., Ribeiro C. W., Fontenele A. V., Carvalho F. E., Margis-Pinheiro M., et al. 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The functions of numerous stress-responsive genes involved in ROS homeostasis regulation and abiotic stress resistance have been characterized in transgenic plants (Table Table11). It will be interesting to characterize whether oxidatively modified miRNA or proteins are involved in plant growth and development. 3, is derived from the wheat parent allele via point mutation. Sun J., Hu W., Zhou R., Wang L., Wang X., Wang Q., et al. Biol. The expression of these genes leads to reduce accumulation of ROS, resulting in enhanced abiotic stress tolerance in tobacco (Wu et al., 2008). 172, 10451060. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research - hydroclathrus clathratus induces apoptosis in hl-60 leukaemia cells via caspase activation, upregulation of pro-apoptotic bax/bcl-2 ratio and ros production J Plant Physiol 165:13191330, Corpas FJ, Alch JD, Barroso JB (2013) Current overview of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) in higher plants. 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Zhou J., Wang J., Li X., Xia X. J., Zhou Y. H., Shi K., et al. OsTRXh1, encodes h-type TRX in rice, regulates the redox state of the apoplast and participates in plant development and stress responses (Zhang et al., 2011). Under normal conditions, excessive ROS can be scavenged by various antioxidative defense mechanisms. Plant Biol 11:613624, Maruta T, Tanouchi A, Tamoi M, Yabuta Y, Yoshimura K, Ishikawa T, Shigeoka S (2010) Arabidopsis chloroplastic ascorbate peroxidase isoenzymes play a dual role in photoprotection and gene regulation under photooxidative stress. Signal interactions between nitric oxide and reactive oxygen intermediates in the plant hypersensitive disease resistance response. A great deal of evidence has shown that environmental factors such as heat (Zhao et al., 2018), cold (Kawarazaki et al., 2013), drought (Lee et al., 2012), Al toxicity (Wu et al., 2017), organic pollutants (OPs) (Ahammed et al., 2017) and pathogens (Kim and Hwang, 2014; Yang et al., 2017) could induce ROS generation in plant cells (Table 2). ABA biosynthesis and catabolism also involved in antioxidant defense and abiotic stresses. Zhou T., Yang X., Wang L., Xu J., Zhang X. Nature 422:442446, Foyer CH, Lelandais M, Edwards EA, Mullineaux PM (1991) The role of ascorbate in plants, interaction with photosynthesis, and regulatory significance. A novel aldose/aldehyde reductase protects transgenic plants against lipid peroxidation under chemical and drought stresses. However, our current knowledge about ROS homeostasis and signaling remains fragmental. Tang B., Xu S. Z., Zou X. L., Zheng Y. L., Qiu F. Z. Symp. J Exp Bot 57:174758, Palma JM, Corpas FJ, del Ro LA (2009) Proteome of plant peroxisomes: new perspectives on the role of these organelles in cell biology. Calcium (Ca2+) regulates numerous signaling pathways involved in growth, development and stress tolerance. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143173, Jacobowitz, J. R., Doyle, W. C., and Weng, J. K. (2019). Figure 1. As signaling components, ROS are best known for their roles in abiotic and biotic stress-related events. Emerging roots alter epidermal cell fate through mechanical and reactive oxygen species signaling. Plant Physiol. Rice calcineurin B-like protein-interacting protein kinase 31 (OsCIPK31) is involved in the development of panicle apical spikelets. doi: 10.1002/bies.20493, Gill, S. S., and Tuteja, N. (2010). PubMed Cellular oxidation could reduce HDA19 and HDA9 activity, thereby enhancing histone acetylation and transcription of stress-responsive genes in Arabidopsis (Liu et al., 2015). (2013). Nickel ions increase histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation and induce transgene silencing. XV Reverse electron transfer in the flavin-cytochrome b region of the respiratory chain of beef heart submitochondrial particles. During the last two decades, the major sources and sites of ROS production, and the key antioxidant molecules and enzymes that scavenge ROS have been chartered in plant. Key words: Apoptosis, Bcl-2, Hydroclathrus clathratus, reactive oxygen species. 2662018JC017). However, most of these reviews provided an overall retrospective for model plant Arabidopsis. 19, 558563. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Ros Homeostasis In Plant. Keunen E., Peshev D., Vangronsveld J., Van Den Ende W., Cuypers A. The regulation of gene expression by different transcription regulators results in the induction of various defense pathways, such as, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and antioxidative metabolism. Among the enzymatic systems, SOD is able to rapidly convert OH to H2O2, and the generated H2O2 is then converted to water and dioxygen by peroxidase and CAT (Gechev et al., 2006; Mittler, 2017). doi: 10.1105/tpc.112.101790, Tian, Y., Fan, M., Qin, Z., Lv, H., Wang, M., Zhang, Z., et al. doi: 10.1101/sqb.2012.77.014936, Zhao, Q., Zhou, L., Liu, J., Cao, Z., Du, X., Huang, F., et al. The imbalance of different ROS species or accumulation of ROS induced by high levels of glucose oxidizes active IAA, resulting in its degradation, impairs root meristem activity, and subsequently inhibits root growth through the conserved macroautophagy/autophagy pathway (Huang et al., 2019). Specific functions of individual class III peroxidase genes. Bioessays 28, 10911101. (2016). Transcriptional modulation of ethylene response factor protein JERF3 in the oxidative stress response enhances tolerance of tobacco seedlings to salt, drought, and freezing. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Jang et al. Nitric oxide-activated calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase regulates the abscisic acid-induced antioxidant defence in maize. To cope with abiotic stress, plants have evolved multiple and interconnected signaling pathways to regulate different sets of stress-responsive genes for producing various classes of proteins, such as protein kinases, transcriptional factors, enzymes, molecular chaperones, and other functional proteins, resulting in diverse physiological and metabolic response so as to confer tolerance to the environmental stresses. Among these, mechanisms involving nitric oxide (NO) and polyamines (PAs) are particularly important. Proteomics 19:e1800339. ROS scavenging mechanisms can be classified into two types: enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems, which work synergistically and interactively to neutralize free radicals. Soluble sugars were directly linked with the production rates of ROS by regulation ROS producing metabolic pathways, such as mitochondrial respiration or photosynthesis. CDPK, calcium-dependent protein kinase; CIPK, calcineurin B-like protein-interacting protein kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PK, protein kinase; PP, protein phosphatase; SRO, similar to RCD one. doi: 10.1104/pp.113.216416, Wahid, A., Gelani, S., Ashraf, M., and Foolad, M. (2007). Besides the toxicity of ROS, ROS are also considered to be signaling molecules that regulate plant development, biotic and abiotic stress responses (Apel and Hirt, 2004; Mittler et al., 2004). Plant Physiol 118:13271335, Kadota Y, Sklenar J, Derbyshire P, Stransfeld L, Asai S, Ntoukakis V, Jones JD, Shirasu K, Menke F, Jones A, Zipfel C (2014) Direct regulation of the NADPH oxidase RBOHD by the PRR-associated kinase BIK1 during plant immunity. Regulation of Phenolic Compound Production by Light Varying in Spectral Quality and Total Irradiance. (2014). In summary, Many plant species are currently used for the prevention and treatment of cancer, such . Transgenic rice plants that overexpressing another APX gene, OsAPX1, also exhibited increased spikelet fertility under cold stress (Sato et al., 2011). (2011). Recently, ROS have been also recognized as key players in the complex signaling network of plants stress responses. Cryptochrome (Cry) modulates ROS in response to weak MFs through altering the rate of redox reactions in the presence of a MF [10,19].This phenomenon affects the cellular ROS production (in the nucleus and cytosol, and possibly also in other organelles as well) and is proposed to be similar in both plants and animals [3,18].This mechanism perfectly predicts an effect on cellular ROS signaling . The SEM images illuminated that excessive nZVI particles (2 g kg1) were agglomerated on the surface of hyphae and spore, causing severe . Plant Cell Physiol. (2011). In recent years, it has become apparent that ROS play an important signaling role in plants controlling processes such as growth, development, response to biotic and abiotic environmental stimuli, and programmed cell death. CAS Plant Cell 21, 736748. Subsequent experiments showed that these zinc finger proteins were involved in ROS regulation and multiple abiotic stresses tolerance (Davletova et al., 2005; Mittler et al., 2006; Ciftci-Yilmaz et al., 2007). Front. Mol Cell 54:4355, Kamada-Nobusada T, Hayashi M, Fukazawa M, Sakakibara H, Nishimura M (2008) A putative peroxisomal polyamine oxidase, AtPAO4, is involved in polyamine catabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. The plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter SOS1 interacts with RCD1 and functions in oxidative stress tolerance in. Biol. Plant Biol. Ciftci-Yilmaz S., Morsy M. 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The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Oxidative modifications to cellular components in plants. Tip-growing cells have also shown that the functions of ROS in plant development Physiol Plant. Limited CO 2 assimilation due to UV-B leads to excessive production of ROS which, in turn, cause oxidative damage in plants [10, 272]. www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.104.900191. The transgenic tobacco and tomato plants elevated endogenous PAs level, accumulated less ROS and showed an improvement in drought tolerance. FOIA The authors proposed that SERF1 is essential for the propagation of the initial ROS signal to mediate salt tolerance. Couee I., Sulmon C., Gouesbet G., El Amrani A. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.03.004, de Simone, A., Hubbard, R., de la Torre, N. V., Velappan, Y., Wilson, M., Considine, M. J., et al. Francisco J. Corpas or Jos M. Palma . Rep. 6:28315. doi: 10.1038/srep28315, Doyle, K., and Fitzpatrick, F. A. (2015). These findings establish a molecular link between auxin and ROS-mediated polar root hair growth. Adams WW, Demmig-Adams B (1992) Operation of the xanthophyll cycle in higher plants in response to diurnal changes in incident sunlight. 8600 Rockville Pike This response was not affected either by CO 2 supply or photorespiration. (2006) reported that rice NADPH thioredoxin reductase (NTRC) utilizes NADPH to reduce the chloroplast 2-Cys PRX BAS1, thus protects chloroplast against oxidative damage by reducing H2O2. In addition, overexpression of OsACA6 confers Cd2+ stress tolerance in transgenic lines by maintaining cellular ion homeostasis and modulating ROS-scavenging pathway (Shukla et al., 2014). ROS and redox signalling in the response of plants to abiotic stress. Positive feedback regulation of maize NADPH oxidase by mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in abscisic acid signalling. Meyer Y., Belin C., Delorme-Hinoux V., Reichheld J. P., Riondet C. (2012). As expected, transgenic crop plants harbored these genes enhanced tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses (Wu et al., 2008; Fukao et al., 2011; Lu et al., 2013; Campo et al., 2014). A previously unknown zinc finger protein, DST, regulates drought and salt tolerance in rice via stomatal aperture control. A simple view of ROS signaling in plants is shown in the model in, 2006 American Society of Plant Biologists, This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model), The double flower variant of yellowhorn is due to a LINE1 transposon-mediated insertion, Kinase CIPK9 integrates glucose and abscisic acid signaling to regulate seed oil metabolism in rapeseed, Kinase regulators evolved into two families by gain and loss of ability to bind plant steroid receptors, Throwing shade: limitations to photosynthesis at high planting densities and how to overcome them, Parents, Time, and Space: The Three Dimensions of Endosperm Gene Expression, American Society of Plant Biologists Journals, www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.104.900191, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2022 American Society of Plant Biologists. and transmitted securely. J Plant Physiol 160:15071516, Maxwell DP, Wang Y, McIntosh L (1999) The alternative oxidase lowers mitochondrial reactive oxygen production in plant cells. Trends Plant Sci 6:14550, Corpas FJ, Palma JM, Sandalio LM, Valderrama R, Barroso JB, del Ro LA (2008) peroxisomal xanthine oxidoreductase: characterization of the enzyme from pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaves. Superoxide anion (O2-) is the precursor of various ROS because of its instability and strong oxidation/reducibility. Ta-sro1, the allele of the salinity-tolerant bread wheat cultivar Shanrong No. ROS homeostasis during development: an evolutionary conserved strategy. The results . SA inhibits the expression of ROS scavenging-related genes, which increases ROS levels and promotes root meristem activity. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1701536114, Manzano, C., Pallero-Baena, M., Casimiro, I., De Rybel, B., Orman-Ligeza, B., Van Isterdael, G., et al. (2014). The presence of antioxidant enzymes and compounds in almost all cellular compartments suggests the importance of ROS detoxification for protection against various stresses (Mittler et al., 2004). doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.09.016, Kawarazaki, T., Kimura, S., Iizuka, A., Hanamata, S., Nibori, H., Michikawa, M., et al. Springer, Berlin, Daudi A, Cheng Z, OBrien JA, Mammarella N, Khan S, Ausubel FM, Bolwell GP (2012) The apoplastic oxidative burst peroxidase in Arabidopsis is a major component of pattern-triggered immunity. The most common ROS include 1 O 2 , . Together with the antioxidants ascorbic acid and glutathione [35], these enzymes provide cells with highly efficient machinery for detoxifying O 2 and H 2 O 2. Abiotic stresses such as drought, cold, salt and heat cause reduction of plant growth and loss of crop yield worldwide. Taken together, these results demonstrate that modulation of ROS homeostasis plays an essential role in many processes from apical meristem maintenance to de novo shoot initiation. Google Scholar, Corpas FJ, Trelease RN (1998) Differential expression of ascorbate peroxidase and a putative molecular chaperone in the boundary membrane of differentiating cucumber seedling peroxisomes. Open in new tab Download slide ROS form in plant cells as a consequence of myriad stimuli ranging from abiotic and biotic stress, production of hormonal regulators, as well as cell processes such as polar growth and programmed cell death (PCD). Photosynthesis is considered as high rate. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. (2016). CAS (2010). Finally, the challenges toward the improvement of abiotic stress tolerance through ROS regulation in crops are discussed. When O2- levels are inhibited, tuber sprouting is delayed. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are now recognized as important regulators of plant developmental programs and recent work on tip-growing systems has revealed a central role for the NADPH oxidases in generating such developmentally important ROS. Bull. Plant Physiol. A cotton CCCH-type tandem zinc finger gene, GhTZF1, also serves as a key player in modulating drought stress resistance and subsequent leaf senescence by mediating ROS homeostasis (Zhou et al., 2014b). Maintenance of ROS homeostasis and ROS generation regulates seed germination through GA and/or ABA metabolism and signaling in Arabidopsis and barley, respectively (Baek et al., 2015; Ishibashi et al., 2015). This response is mediated by ATP recognition by the receptor DORN1, followed by direct phosphorylation of the NADPH oxidase RBOHD, resulting in elevated production of reactive oxygen species and stomatal closure. (2020) has found that CRK2 forms a pre-activation complex with RBOHD in Arabidopsis and, importantly, phosphorylates the C-terminus of RBOHD in vivo to regulate ROS production. (2004). Metallothioneins (MTs) are a group of low molecular weight proteins with the characteristics of high cysteine (Cys) residue content and metal-binding ability. APP1 (Arabidopsis thaliana P-loop NTPase1) affects root stem cell niche (SCN) identity through its control of local ROS homeostasis. Overview of major genes that involved in abiotic stress resistance through ROS regulation in crop plants. Cell. Overexpression of MdSOS2L1, a CIPK protein kinase, increases the antioxidant metabolites to enhance salt tolerance in apple and tomato. The activity of NADPH oxidase was increased by drought, and exhibited high-temperature stability and an alkaline-philic feature, suggesting its important role in response to drought stress (Duan et al., 2009). The evolution of aerobic metabolic processes such as respiration and photosynthesis unavoidably led to the production of ROS in mitochondria, chloroplast, and peroxisome (Apel and Hirt, 2004; Gill and Tuteja, 2010). Other two C2H2-type zinc finger proteins, ZFP36 and ZFP179, also play circle role in ROS homeostasis regulation and abiotic stress resistance in rice. Further studies demonstrated that DCC1 altered the activity of respiratory chain NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex I. Knock-out of DCC1 triggered production of mitochondrial ROS. Mol. We also found that the expression of some ROS-related genes was linked to changes in their acetylation modification during crown root development in rice (Jiang et al., 2017). In: Pell E, Steffen K (eds) Active oxygen/oxidative stress and plant metabolism. Apple supplier Foxconn expects to see full production resume at a COVID-hit China plant around late December to early January, a source with direct knowledge told Reuters on . Unequally redundant RCD1 and SRO1 mediate stress and developmental responses and interact with transcription factors. (2009). 495, 339345. A new study by Kimura et al. Genetic engineering and breeding of drought-resistant crops. JERF3 modulates the expression of genes involved in osmotic and oxidative stresses responses by binding to the osmotic- and oxidative-responsive related cis elements. Open Life Sci. SUB1A also positively affects postsubmergence responses by restrained accumulation of ROS in aerial tissue during desubmergence (Fukao et al., 2011). Research on plant abiotic stress responses in the post-genome era: past, present and future. In: Gupta KJ, Igamberdiev AU (eds) Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species signaling and communications in plants. 144, 15081519. ROS production increases when plants are exposed to different kinds of stresses. ROS are well-known harmful oxidants that can damage proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids of cells when excessive. 9:1063. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03463-x, Tognetti, V. B., Bielach, A., and Hrtyan, M. (2017). Functions and regulatory mechanisms of several RBOH proteins were investigated in crops. (IRS), Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Uni. Liu S., Wang M., Wei T., Meng C., Xia G. (2014). In Arabidopsis, PRR-Associated Kinase BIK1 directly phosphorylates NADPH oxidase RBOHD and causes the PAMP-induced ROS burst and antibacterial immunity (Kadota et al., 2014). doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2004.08.009, Moller, I. M., Jensen, P. E., and Hansson, A. However, the effects of ROS on plant growth and development are more complex due to the temporal and spatial variability of ROS regeneration and interplay between them in plants. Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Plant respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) are plasma membrane-localized NADPH oxidases that generate superoxide anion radicals, which then dismutate to H 2 O 2, into the apoplast using cytoplasmic NADPH as an electron donor. 8600 Rockville Pike At the same time, glutaredoxin (GRX) reduces ROS levels in the SAM. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. (2018). The appearance of aerobic conditions gave organisms the opportunity to use oxygen as an electron acceptor, while enabling them to harness its reactive properties for metabolism and signaling (Schippers et al., 2012; Foyer and Noctor, 2016). (2010). A Raf-like MAPKKK gene DSM1 mediates drought resistance through reactive oxygen species scavenging in rice. Zhang L., Li Y., Lu W., Meng F., Wu C. A., Guo X. Ann. After floodwaters subside, submerged plants encounter re-exposure to atmospheric oxygen, leading to postanoxic injury and severe leaf desiccation (Setter et al., 2010; Fukao and Xiong, 2013). In addition to the antioxidative system, avoiding ROS production by alleviating the effects of stresses on plant metabolism may also be important for keeping ROS homeostasis. Plant Physiol 89:72831, CrossRef (2008). Springer, Berlin, Bartoli CG, Pastori GM, Foyer CH (2000) Ascorbate biosynthesis in mitochondria is linked to the electron transport chain between complexes III and IV. Plants need diverse responses and adjustment of multiple adaptation mechanisms to cope with the multiple stresses exist in nature. From an evolutionary point of view, the emergence of oxygen-releasing photosynthetic life had a profound impact on all living organisms (Rosing and Frei, 2004). A direct interaction between OsRac1 and the N-terminal extension of OsRBOHB may be required for NADPH oxidase activity modulated by the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in plants (Wong et al., 2007). Received: 05 December 2018; Accepted: 03 June 2019;Published: 25 June 2019. The essential oil from Rosmarinus officinalis L., a composite mixture of plant-derived secondary metabolites, exhibits antifungal activity against virulent candidal species. Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. The Arabidopsis mitochondrial protease FtSH4 is involved in leaf senescence via regulation of WRKY-dependent salicylic acid accumulation and signaling. ASR proteins are plant-specific TFs and considered to be important regulators of plant response to various stresses. 77, 161173. This restricts our further understanding of their roles in plants. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Part of Springer Nature. Reactive oxygen species in plant development. Physiol Plant. (2016). ROS production by RBOHs can be regulated by the binding of Ca 2+ to EF-hand domains in their cytosolic amino-terminal region, phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of their cytosolic amino or. Overexpression of another CDPK gene, OsCPK4, results in increased tolerance to salt and drought stresses in rice plants. (2013). (2012b). 229, 922931. Cell Rep. 22, 13501363. The recent identification of ROS-generating enzymes, such as the plant homolog of respiratory-burst NADPH oxidases, has led to the demonstration that plant cells, like mammalian cells, can initiate and most likely amplify ROS production for the purpose of signaling. Plant Physiol. 20, 10001037. Further mutation analyses of the regulatory domains of OsRBOHB indicated that not only the EF-hand motif but also the upstream N-terminal region was essential to Ca2+-dependent but not phosphorylation-dependent activation (Takahashi et al., 2012). doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.08.002, Mittler, R., Vanderauwera, S., Gollery, M., and Van Breusegem, F. (2004). Transgenic plants exhibited higher expression of numerous genes involved in lipid metabolism and protection against oxidative stress, therefore, reduced levels of membrane lipid peroxidation under stress conditions (Campo et al., 2014). Increased polyamine biosynthesis enhances stress tolerance by preventing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species: T-DNA mutational analysis of. Superoxide dismutase. Pharm. Mol. (2007). Great efforts have been made to validate relatively well-described yeast or animal PCD pathways in plants; yet with limited success. (2015) isolated a WRKY gene, BdWRKY36, from B. distachyon, and found it functions as a positive regulator of drought stress response by controlling ROS homeostasis and regulating transcription of stress-related genes. Trends Plant Sci 9:573577, Vanacker H, Carver TL, Foyer CH (1998) Pathogen-induced changes in the antioxidant status of the apoplast in barley leaves. Higher plants developed some strategies to cope with salt stress. MeSH Cotton metallothionein GhMT3a, a reactive oxygen species scavenger, increased tolerance against abiotic stress in transgenic tobacco and yeast. The location, amplitude, and duration of production of these molecules determine the specificity of the rapid responses they direct. Plants have evolved an efficient enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative system to protect themselves against oxidative damage and fine modulation of low levels of ROS for signal transduction. ABNORMAL INFLORESCENCE MERISTEM1 functions in salicylic acid biosynthesis to maintain proper reactive oxygen species levels for root meristem activity in Rice. Miller G., Suzuki N., Ciftci-Yilmaz S., Mittler R. (2010). Heat tolerance in plants: an overview. Afterward, Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase, ZmCCaMK, was reported to be essential for ABA-induced antioxidant defense, and H2O2-induced NO production is involved in the activation of ZmCCaMK in ABA signaling (Ma et al., 2012). An NADPH Oxidase RBOH functions in rice roots during lysigenous aerenchyma formation under oxygen-deficient conditions. 14:e1007144. Genomic clone characterization and functional analysis under environmental stress conditions. - 210.65.88.143. New Phytol. OsABA8ox3, encoding ABA 8-hydroxylase involved in ABA catabolism, is also a key gene regulating ABA accumulation and anti-oxidative stress capability under drought stress (Nguyen et al., 2015). Plant Physiol 117:11031114, Vanacker H, Foyer CH, Carver TLW (1999) Changes in apoplastic antioxidants induced by powdery mildew attack in oat genotypes with race non-specific resistance. Wen F., Qin T., Wang Y., Dong W., Zhang A., Tan M., et al. An ornithine delta-aminotransferase gene OsOAT confers drought and oxidative stress tolerance in rice. ROS not only cause irreversible DNA damage and cell death, but also function as important signaling molecules that regulate normal plant growth, and responses to stress. Science 339, 211214. (2013). Dubiella U., Seybold H., Durian G., Komander E., Lassig R., Witte C. P., et al. U.S.A. 114, 52895294. 9, 490498. Mol. GhMKK5-overexpressing plants showed significantly up-regulated expression of ROS-related and cell death marker genes, and resulted in excessive accumulation of H2O2 and hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death (Zhang et al., 2012b). (2010) isolated a rice drought-sensitive mutant dsm2, impaired in the gene encoding a putative -carotene hydroxylase. 67, 131137. 5:88. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00088, Garcia-Gimenez, J. L., Roma-Mateo, C., Perez-Machado, G., Peiro-Chova, L., and Pallardo, F. V. (2017). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! The major members of the ROS family include free radicals like O 2, OH and non-radicals like H 2 O 2 and 1 O 2. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:14131426, Polle A (2001) Dissecting the superoxide dismutase-ascorbate-glutathione-pathway in chloroplasts by metabolic modeling. (2009). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Plant Biol. This review describes the production and removal of ROS in plants, summarizes recent progress in understanding the role of ROS during plant vegetative apical meristem development, organogenesis, and abiotic stress responses, and some novel findings in recent years are discussed. Plant Cell Environ. However, excessive O2- also causes increased ROS levels and eventually leads to cell death (Gill and Tuteja, 2010). (2010). Careers, Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China, This article was submitted to Plant Physiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science. Calcium-dependent protein kinases regulate the production of reactive oxygen species by potato NADPH oxidase. (2013). Before (2008). Chitin receptor-mediated activation of MAP kinases and ROS production in rice and Arabidopsis. On the other hand, ROS cause irreversible cellular damage through their strong oxidative properties, which promote alterations in plant morphological structures that enhance resistance (Wahid et al., 2007; Bose et al., 2014; Frederickson Matika and Loake, 2014). Aquaporin-3 mediates hydrogen peroxide uptake to regulate downstream intracellular signaling. To meet the demands of food security in the face of an increasing world population and environmental challenge, scientists envisage a crucial need for a second green revolution to enhance crop yield and yield stability under non-optimal and adverse growing conditions by a combination of approaches based on the recent advances in genomic research (Zhang, 2007; Eckardt et al., 2009). Plant Physiol. Arsenite alters global histone H3 methylation. Phil Trans R Soc B 369:20130224, OBrien JA, Daudi A, Butt VS, Bolwell GP (2012) Reactive oxygen species and their role in plant defence and cell wall metabolism. OsACA6, a P-type IIB Ca2+ ATPase promotes salinity and drought stress tolerance in tobacco by ROS scavenging and enhancing the expression of stress-responsive genes. Does ROS signaling play a role in cell-to-cell communication? ) has an important function as a key signalling molecule in plant growth, development, and senescence, and RNS, like ROS, also play an important role as signalling molecules in the response to environmental (abiotic) stress. Whereas, in addition to NADPH oxidase, the function and regulation of other apoplastic ROS-associated enzymes, such as class III peroxidases, in stress responses signaling are largely unknown. You J., Zong W., Hu H., Li X., Xiao J., Xiong L. (2014). Annu. Eulgem T., Rushton P. J., Robatzek S., Somssich I. E. (2000). (2018). Wang et al. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 36, 28442855. The effect of these ROS-scavenging enzymes in abiotic stress resistance was also investigated in crop plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol 6:379389, Planas-Portell J, Gallart M, Tiburcio AF, Altabella T (2013) Copper-containing amine oxidases contribute to terminal polyamine oxidation in peroxisomes and apoplast of Arabidopsis thaliana. Recent studies demonstrate that ROS1 and DME interact directly with the FeS cluster assembly machinery, which is highly susceptible to oxidation by ROS. OsCIPK31 perceives the response to stresses and regulates ROS accumulation and IAA distribution in the panicle. Plant Cell 21:23572377. The PAs biosynthetic pathway has been thoroughly investigated in many organisms, and arginine decarboxylase (ADC) plays a predominant role in the accumulation of PAs under stresses (Capell et al., 2004; Alcazar et al., 2010). 40, 25862605. Epub 2009 Nov 10. ABA controls H2O2 accumulation through the induction of OsCATB in rice leaves under water stress. Two MAPK kinases (MAPKKs), GhMKK1 and GhMKK5 have been characterized to be involved in stress resistance and ROS homeostasis in cotton (Zhang et al., 2012b; Lu et al., 2013). Reactive oxygen species are involved in brassinosteroid-induced stress tolerance in cucumber. Hou X., Xie K., Yao J., Qi Z., Xiong L. (2009). Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar . In: Gupta KJ, Igamberdiev AU (eds) Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species signaling and communications in plants. Jaspers P., Overmyer K., Wrzaczek M., Vainonen J. P., Blomster T., Salojarvi J., et al. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006175, Yu, X., Pasternak, T., Eiblmeier, M., Ditengou, F., Kochersperger, P., Sun, J., et al. Do not distribute. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. H2O2 can be transported by aquaporins localized in the cell membrane, not only causing long-distance oxidative damage (Bienert et al., 2007; Wudick et al., 2015), but also participating in cell signaling regulation (Miller E.W. Many excellent reviews have focused on ROS metabolism (Apel and Hirt, 2004; Noctor et al., 2014), ROS sensory and signaling networks (Miller et al., 2010; Suzuki et al., 2012; Baxter et al., 2014), as well as the cross-talk with other signaling molecules function in developmental and stress response processes (Suzuki et al., 2012; Noctor et al., 2014). Vitam Horm 72:111154, Marino D, Dunand C, Puppo A, Pauly N (2012) A burst of plant NADPH oxidases. Taken together, plants are obliged to cope with excessive ROS generation in order to maintain cellular redox homeostasis. BRI1, BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1, and BZR1, BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1, are modified by ROS. Additionally, ROS interplay with epigenetic modifiers and hormones to control plant developmental processes, and stress responses (Gill and Tuteja, 2010; Tsukagoshi et al., 2010; Zeng et al., 2017; Kong et al., 2018). This chapter will provide a general overview of the main system of ROS production/regulation in plant cells. In general, low ROS levels are necessary for the progression of several basic biological processes, including cellular proliferation and differentiation (Tsukagoshi et al., 2010; Zafra et al., 2010). Elevated RRTF1 levels in plants causes ROS accumulation, which suggests that RRTF1 amplifies ROS formation in response to stresses. (2013). As in animals, NADPH oxidase-produced ROS in plants is important for a multitude of processes and the number of NADPH oxidase genes (10 in Arabidopsis, called RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOGs, RBOHs, A-J) suggests a high complexity of regulation of ROS production in plants.Among its many roles, ROS-dependent regulation of plant cell wall structure and function is considered to . We hope that the ROS Special Issue will bridge many disciplines in plant biology and provide an in-depth and current sampler of ROS biology in plants. O2- could maintain the stability of plant stem cells (Zeng et al., 2017). Ogasawara Y., Kaya H., Hiraoka G., Yumoto F., Kimura S., Kadota Y., et al. OsSUV3, an NTP-dependent RNA/DNA helicase in rice, exhibits ATPase, RNA and DNA helicase activities (Tuteja et al., 2013). Ann. 2022 Jun 15;17(1):626-640. doi: 10.1515/biol-2022-0060. (2012) isolated a stress-responsive NAC gene, EcNAC1, from finger millet (E. coracana). doi: 10.1089/ars.2013.5447, Para, A., Muhammad, D., Orozco-Nunnelly, D. A., Memishi, R., Alvarez, S., Naldrett, M. J., et al. Plant Physiol. The zinc-finger protein Zat12 plays a central role in reactive oxygen and abiotic stress signaling in. An enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein). (2015). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:82718276, Mehler AH (1951) Studies on reactions of illuminated chloroplasts. BMC Plant Biol. Plant Physiol Biochem 48:909-930. Genetic mechanisms conferring adaptation to submergence and drought in rice: simple or complex? Thus, it is necessary to maintain ROS levels within the right range for plant health. Hu D. G., Ma Q. J., Sun C. H., Sun M. H., You C. X., Hao Y. J. PubMed Central Mittler R., Vanderauwera S., Gollery M., Van Breusegem F. (2004). Hydrogen peroxide positively regulates brassinosteroid signaling through oxidation of the BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 transcription factor. 29, 121128. Schmidt R., Mieulet D., Hubberten H. M., Obata T., Hoefgen R., Fernie A. R., et al. OsABA8ox3 RNAi plants exhibited significant improvement in drought stress tolerance. Plant growth and stress tolerance regulator 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) induces non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant defense systems in cucumber, and increases the content of antioxidants such as SOD, CAT, and GSH, that maintains the homeostasis of ROS in cells, consequently enhancing the resistance of cucumber to OPs (Ahammed et al., 2017). H2O2 and superoxide are formed during lateral root (LR) development, and contribute to the elongation of LRs but, intriguingly, not to the initiation of LR primordia (Manzano et al., 2014). Correspondence to Plant Cell 16:332341, Bunkelmann JR, Trelease RN (1996) Ascorbate peroxidase. Rep. 7:7549. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08181-w, Zhang, H., Zhao, Y., and Zhou, D. X. Recently, Li et al. 2022 Mar 16;11(6):787. doi: 10.3390/plants11060787. Thus, coordination of ROS production and their activities between compartments is emerging as an important theme in our understanding of how growth and developmental programs are integrated. We thank support and comments from Janice Jones and Danny Alexander (Metabolon Inc., USA) on metabolomic analyses. Hannover, Hannover, Germany, CSIC, Estacin Experimental del Zaidn, Granada, Spain, 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland, Corpas, F.J., Gupta, D.K., Palma, J.M. Late embryogenesis abundant protein OsLEA5 interacted with zinc finger transcription factor ZFP36 to co-regulate ABA-inhibited seed germination by controlling the expression of APX OsAPX1 in rice (Huang et al., 2018). ABA-induced antioxidant defense has been well documented in plants. Shi B., Ni L., Liu Y., Zhang A., Tan M., Jiang M. (2014). RSL4 (ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE SIXLIKE 4) is a member of the auxin-responsive factor family. Physiol. The active process of ROS detoxification in plant cells is also aided by different metabolic adaptations that reduce ROS production, and by maintaining the level of free transient metals such as Fe 2+ under control, to prevent the formation of the highly toxic hydroxyl radical (HO.) This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The plant hormone ABA is the key regulator of abiotic stress resistance in plants, and regulates large number of stress-responsive genes by a complex regulatory network so as to confer tolerance to the environmental stresses (Cutler et al., 2010; Raghavendra et al., 2010). Here, we evaluate the effect of NNMF on gene expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in time-course experiments on Arabidopsis thaliana. 12:e1361076. 173, 22942307. doi: 10.1105/tpc.16.00976, Yang, C., Li, W., Cao, J., Meng, F., Yu, Y., Huang, J., et al. Bot. Damanik R. I., Maziah M., Ismail M. R., Ahmad S., Zain A. . GhTZF1 regulates drought stress responses and delays leaf senescence by inhibiting reactive oxygen species accumulation in transgenic. The SbMT-2 gene from a halophyte was also involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis by regulating ROS scavenging during stresses and thus improved tolerance to salt and osmotic stress in transgenic tobacco (Chaturvedi et al., 2014). Deng X., Hu W., Wei S., Zhou S., Zhang F., Han J., et al. Arch Biochem Biophys 34(2):339351, Mittova V, Volokita M, Guy M (2015) Antioxidative systems and stress tolerance: insights from wild and cultivated tomato species. Plants are confronted with a variety of environmenmtal stresses resulting in enhanced production of ROS. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are now recognized as important regulators of plant developmental programs and recent work on tip-growing systems has revealed a central role for the NADPH oxidases in generating such developmentally important ROS. In certain cases, it is very difficult to distinguish whether oxidative stress is the cause or an effect of cellular damage. Maintenance of glutathione levels and its importance in epigenetic regulation. about navigating our updated article layout. (2012). (2013). doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx825, Zhang, S., Li, C., Wang, R., Chen, Y., Shu, S., Huang, R., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.07.009, Rosing, M. T., and Frei, R. (2004). A., Lewis M. W., et al. Sci. Wheat ASR gene, TaASR1, a positive regulator of plant tolerance to drought/osmotic stress, is involved in the modulation of ROS homeostasis by activating antioxidant system and transcription of stress-responsive genes (Hu et al., 2013). Cell. ROS involved in vegetative apical meristem identity in the shoot apical meristem. Changes in ROS production and antioxidant capacity during tuber sprouting in potato. A small GTPase Rac in rice (OsRac1) was identified as a positive regulator of OsRBOHB involved in pathogen defense (Wong et al., 2007). ABA-induced stress tolerance is partly linked with the activation of antioxidant defense systems, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic constituents, which protects plant cells against oxidative damage (Huang et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2012a, 2014). Within the chloroplast, ROS production is largely caused by incomplete oxidation of water, plastosemi-hydroquinone H 2 O 2, and over-excitation of PSI ( Fig. (2004). ZmMPK5 is required for the NADPH oxidase-mediated self-propagation of apoplastic H. Zhang C. J., Zhao B. C., Ge W. N., Zhang Y. F., Song Y., Sun D. Y., et al. Plant Cell 24:22792303, Jimnez A, Hernndez JA, del Ro LA, Sevilla F (1997) Evidence for the presence of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in mitochondria and peroxisomes of pea leaves. government site. Altogether, stress-induced ROS-activating responses have to occur rapidly with the appearance of the stress and should decay when the stress disappears. Front. 162, 14341447. This review presents an overview of current knowledge about homeostasis regulation of ROS in crop plants. (2013). 12:e1006175. Jaspers P., Blomster T., Brosche M., Salojarvi J., Ahlfors R., Vainonen J. P., et al. Initially considered by-products from aerobic metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as major regulatory molecules in plants and their roles in early signaling events initiated by cellular metabolic perturbation . Proteomic identification of early salicylate- and flg22-responsive redox-sensitive proteins in Arabidopsis. Apoplastic generation of O 2 , or its dismutation product H 2 O 2, has been documented following recognition of a variety of pathogens (Grant et al. Therefore, OH is the most reactive ROS, and it can react with all biological molecules. 116, 475485. Sirichandra C., Gu D., Hu H. C., Davanture M., Lee S., Djaoui M., et al. The dehydratase ADT3 affects ROS homeostasis and cotyledon development. Asano T., Hayashi N., Kobayashi M., Aoki N., Miyao A., Mitsuhara I., et al. Int J Mol Sci. For instance, expression of CAT2 (Catalase 2) is reduced in the leaves of Arabidopsis upon bolting. To cover many of the different aspects of ROS function in plants, 13 Update articles are included, as well as a review on ROS in different biological systems. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions (O2-), hydroxyl radical (OH) and singlet oxygen (1O2) are by-products of physiological metabolisms, and are precisely controlled by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems. Linking Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) to Abiotic and Biotic Feedbacks in Plant Microbiomes: The Dose Makes the Poison. In plants, different stimuli, both internal and external, activate production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Based on their results, the authors suggested that PAs mediate tolerance to abiotic stresses through their ability to decrease ROS generation and enhance ROS degradation. Accessibility Shukla D., Huda K. M., Banu M. S., Gill S. S., Tuteja R., Tuteja N. (2014). Plant Cell Physiol 49:12721282, Kaur G, Sharma A, Guruprasad K, Pati PK (2014) Versatile roles of plant NADPH oxidases and emerging concepts. Bot. Du H., Wang N., Cui F., Li X., Xiao J., Xiong L. (2010). Therefore, the ROS balance in the transition zone is essential. Its expression is rapidly and transiently stimulated by various ROS generated by biotic and abiotic signals. Chaturvedi A. K., Patel M. K., Mishra A., Tiwari V., Jha B. Cold Spring Harb. However, few studies have reported the abiotic stress tolerance of transgenic plant at the reproductive or flowering stage based on yield and/or setting rate, and very few of these tests were conducted under field conditions. Autophagy regulates glucose-mediated root meristem activity by modulating ROS production in Arabidopsis. 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Trends Plant Sci. Plant Physiol. Biol. (Fujita et al., 2006; Zeng et al., 2017). A novel plant NADPH-dependent aldose/aldehyde reductase, which has the reduction activity toward toxic products of lipid peroxidation, was isolated from alfalfa. Unbroken lines indicate direct regulation, and broken lines indicate unclear mechanism. (2015). *Correspondence: Yu Zhao, zhaoyu@mail.hzau.edu.cn, Roles of ROS in Plant Growth and Development, ROS Participate in Plant Stress Responses, Interplay Between ROS and Epigenetic Modification, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Wang et al. OsMT1a, a type 1 metallothionein, plays the pivotal role in zinc homeostasis and drought tolerance in rice. Rather, they are interconnected in order to trigger physiological and stress adaptation responses. When wheat E3 ubiquitin ligase TaPUB1 (The Plant U-Box Proteins 1) is transfected into tobacco, less accumulation of ROS and stronger antioxidant capacity are detected in the transgenic plants, thereby improving the survival rate of transgenic tobacco in drought stress (Zhang et al., 2017a). doi: 10.1016/s0012-821x(03)00609-5, Sandalio, L. M., and Romero-Puertas, M. C. (2015). Contribution to oxidative stress and interorganellar signaling. (2017). YZ wrote and revised the manuscript. OH can be formed when the OO double bond in H2O2 cleaves. OH is active and usually acts very near its production site. Plant Sci. Here we report the impact of rosemary oil and two of its components, the monoterpene -pinene and the monoterpenoid 1,8-cineole, against Candida albicans, which induce ROS-dependent cell death at high concentrations and . Molecular analysis and functional characterization of MdSOS2L1 exhibited that it increases the ROS scavenging-enzymes and antioxidant metabolites such as procyanidin and malate, leading to enhanced salt tolerance in apple and tomato (Hu et al., 2015). 55, 373399. On the other hand, increases in ROS result in increases in various histone modifications such as H3K4me2/3, H3K79me3, H3k27me3, and H3K9me2, due to inhibition of histone demethylases (Chen et al., 2006; Zhou et al., 2008; Niu et al., 2015). 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