Im also available for consulting if you just dont have time for that and need to solve performance problems quickly. The density is, in a nutshell, a value that shows how unique the set of columns is. For some ranges, they may be selective, for other ranges, they may not be. A seek is an operation which navigates down the indexs b-tree looking for a row or for the start/end of a range of rows. Each table must have one Clustered Index. The second property is the index selectivity, which is a measure of how many rows scanned compared to the total number of rows. the possible values are "male" and "female" (ignoring for the moment other possible values like "unknown" or even "other" ) . The key columns take up more space in an index than the INCLUDE columns, and I find 3 columns yields good selectivity. 2 Answers Sorted by: 12 From SimpleTalk article by Robert Sheldon: 14 SQL Server Indexing Questions You Were Too Shy To Ask The ratio of unique values within a key column is referred to as index selectivity. But when you get down to the bottom, you reach some selectivity. We clearly need a more considered, holistic approach to our index tuning, so Id like to share my approach to this task. Before we go on, I want to quickly look at the main difference between a seek operation and a scan operation. Oddly, though, we say an index is "highly" selective if it has a low selectivity value. the only things I can think of to bloat the query memory grant requests would be missing indexes, selectivity guesses, optimizer timeouts, or the lack of some needed rules like those in . A covering index is one that contains all the columns needed for a query allowing us to avoid the additional IO of a Key or RID lookup in the base table. For the exist (), value () and nodes () methods, selective XML indexes contain enough information to transform the entire expression. In AdventureWorks2014, there is a table called sales.SalesOrderDetail in the sales schema. We'll start with social networking. Selectivity Selectivity is a measure of what portion of the table satisfies a particular query predicate. This determination can not only be used to determine when an index might not be . Multiple selective XML indexes per column are not allowed. To simulate this situation, we need an example with the following characteristics. What's It All Mean? You can see that we could be occurring a lot of costly I/O and we havent even considered that each modification must also be written out to the transaction log. Index tuning is an iterative process, so plan to do additional tuning and to check usage numbers on a periodic basis. SQL Server Transaction Oracle Transaction MySQL Transaction DB2 Transaction Concurrent Update Problem SQL Server Education (by the geeks, for the geeks). My reply follows. SQL Server indexes can have large number of nodes in each level. So why the confusion around index scans on high density indexes? Index to add: Person (LastName, FirstName) INCLUDE (SSN), Sometimes its more effective to add an index with some overlap to keep indexes narrow and I/O small: Index to add: Person (LastName, FirstName, NetworkId) INCLUDE (EmailAddress). 2.3 Reading and Interpreting an Execution Plan for a SQL Statement. Let us look into an example to better understand this concept. dbcc traceon(3604,2363)---trace flag 2363 displays more detail about the selectivity. The Seeks here look identical to the ones when I had columns in the include section of the index. He tries to share as much and spreads the SQL goodness. go-----Please run this script----- Equality(=): all density. You can imagine the performance degradation that may occur due to scanning large database table. In contrast, an index with large number of nodes in each level can produce a very flat index structure. If taking the manual approach, do a quick check for other expensive queries involving the same table. Applies to: SQL Server (all supported versions) Azure SQL Database Creates a new selective XML index on the specified table and XML column. Transact-SQL Syntax Conventions Syntax syntaxsql This clearly shows that even when the data in the table (master or transactional) is the same, the values of selectivity may differ. A simple example using predicates can help better understand the concept of selectivity. Before adding new indexes we always want to optimize those weve already got. Cardinality in SQL Selectivity in SQL Databases Cardinality versus Selectivity Clustered vs. 3) Comprehensive workload evaluation using the Database Engine Tuning Advisor (DTA). An index with high selectivity means a trivial number of rows are scanned when related to the total number of rows. so, your cardinality for that column would be 2, no The scan will read all the leaf pages, thats what a scan does (ignoring cases like min, max and top where it can scan and read only part of the index). Having a clustered index defined on a table eliminates the heap table structure we described in the previous section. You can create the clustered or non-clustered Indeindexx in SQL Server. The column is unique, but the predicate affects the entire table. SQL Server is AB's first love, and his wife does not mind that. I realize this isnt a perfect data set, but it has a lot of things in common with data sets I see out in the world. If an index has a high density (not very unique, lots of duplicate values), will query operators against it always be index scans rather than index seeks?. Run an index usage query just for the table youre working with and save the output. Additional guidelines are that columns used for equality comparisons should precede those used for inequality comparisons and that columns with greater selectivity should precede those with fewer distinct values. Why Youre Testing SQL Server Code For Performance The Wrong Way, SQL Server 2022 CTP 2.1 Improvements To Parameter Sensitive Plan Optimization, SQL Server 2022: Introduces the DATETRUNC Function, So You Can Truncate Your Dates And Stuff, SQL Server 2017 CU 30: The Real Story With SelOnSeqPrj Fixes, Implicit Conversion Is A SARGability Problem, Thats Why Its A Performance Problem In SQL Server, The site has gotten more popular over time, so year over year dates become less selective, The site has definite groups of power users and one and done users, Certain site activities are more common than others: votes cast, types of posts made, Certain user attributes, like badges, are more common than others. Six is OK, 29 is not! Example with bad Selectivity. You can also create secondary selective XML indexes. Theyre cool for keeping the clustered index sane, but no ones looking at the values in them. In short, it returns a lot of rows for any predicate filters against it (unless theres a TOP involved, but lets ignore those cases here). Let us look into an example to better understand this concept. It is very useful for connecting the relational tables and searching large tables. Whereas, for someone who wants to dive deep into the internals of SQL Server engine and more importantly is involved in query tuning, concepts such as Predicates, Density Factor, Cardinality Estimation and of course Selectivity have a lot to bring to the game. An index is small, fast, and optimized for quick lookups. Scan count 1, logical reads 225, physical reads 0. If column have low selectivity avoid creating an Index on that column as it slow down the rows modification and system will not get benefit from the Index. If the index has a high density (and lets assume for simplicity theres no data skew here), any predicate using that index automatically has a poor selectivity, it returns a large portion of the table. The same applies when altering or dropping indexes. CREATE INDEX ix_LastFirstNetworkId ON Dbo.Person (LastName, FirstName, NetworkId) INCLUDE (EmailAddress); Or consider moving a column we arent using in our WHERE clause in the INCLUDE clause where it will take up less space. Unless your column is unique, and defined as unique, and people are searching for equality predicates on it and I dont mean column = column I mean column = value, it might not be a greatfirst column in your index. Ahmad Yaseen is a Microsoft Big Data engineer with deep knowledge and experience in SQL BI, SQL Server Database Administration and Development fields. They're cool for keeping the clustered index sane, but no one's looking at the values in them. Transact-SQL Syntax Conventions Syntax sys.sp_db_selective_xml_index[[ @dbname = ] 'dbname'], | GDPR | Terms of Use | Privacy. An index is a way to speed up SQL Server query performance. DECLARE @pid INT = 0. Can you make small changes to any of the existing indexes to accommodate your new index needs? If you create an index on the EmployeeID column on the Employees table, and perform a search based on the EmployeeID value, the SQL Server Engine will seek for the requested EmployeeID values in the index and use that index to locate the rest of the employees information from the related rows in the source table, providing a significant performance enhancement and reducing the effort required to locate the requested data, as shown in the figure below: The rapid search capabilities provided by the index is achieved due to the fact that, the SQL Server index is created using the shape of B-Tree structure, that made up of 8K pages, with each page in that structure is called an index node. Find out more about the Microsoft MVP Award Program. SQL Server index is considered as one of the most important factors of the performance tuning process, that is created to speed up the data retrieval and the query processing operations from a database table or view, by providing swift access to the database table rows, without the need to scan all the tables data, in order to retrieve the requested data. If index hints are present in code, disabling or removing an index will break the code. The index depth is the number of levels from the index root node to the leaf nodes. Dont assume that any search will always be selective (unless the column is unique). The approach laid out here approach does not absolve us from doing the preliminary bottleneck analysis and identifying our top contributing queries before we dive down into crafting indexes for the same. So what exactly is the problem with a high density index? Yup, index seek is better and the one that the optimiser choses if it is allowed to chose. 2.1 Introduction. Question: Can a 2008 SQL instance be used as the witness for a 2005 database mirroring setup? There are a total of 504 records in the table. There are other types of SQL Server indexes, such as the Unique index that enforces the column values uniqueness and created automatically when defining a unique constraint, the Composite index that contains more than one key column and the Covering index that contains all columns requested by a specific query. I've got a few more thoughts on the topic this week, and I look forward to your comments. The problem with the advice that you should "always put the most selective column first" is that not many columns are uniformly selective. We are using AdventureWorks2014 for the purposes of this blog. This is a non null unique value for every value. Wherever you start, I recommend you focus on 1 table at a time. Can a 2008 SQL instance be used as the witness for a 2005 database mirroring setup? Multiple Columns Index or Covered Index should be ordered as Most Selective column on left and gradually decreasing selectivity as they go right. Indexes, SQL Server, Syndication So, following on from my post last week, I'm going to take a look at how selectivity and index column order affect inequality predicates. An index's selectivity is good if few rows have the same value. Auto-suggest helps you quickly narrow down your search results by suggesting possible matches as you type. A clustered index will be created automatically when you define a Primary Key constraint in the table, if these is no predefined clustered index on that table. More sophisticated selectivity measures are also . Consider this small and poorly indexed table: Every time we insert or delete a row from our table we must also insert or delete a row in each of its non-clustered indexes, and if we update a value in an indexed column ( e.g. Well-constructed indexes can greatly improve read performance in SQL server, but they can be costly to maintain. View all posts by Ahmad Yaseen, 2022 Quest Software Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Never implement a new index without careful consideration, evaluation and testing. We need to see what weve already got to work with and the data types of the columns. All the product IDs in the table are unique which makes the table highly unique, thus having a high value of selectivity. SQL Server 2012 has introduced a brand-new feature called 'Selective XML Indexes', available in the SP1 update. Wider tables can justify wider indexes since the I/O savings can still be substantial. For some ranges, they may be selective, for other ranges, they may not be. For this point, you should have a full understanding about the table structure, the index structure and the general benefits of adding the indexes. The function of a scan is to read an index (or table), from a starting point, and then continue reading until either all rows are returned or no more data is requested. Though the site getsmore users overall, Reputation is still largely skewed towards power users. We will go through all these types in details in the coming articles of this series. It is the query. Feb 10, 2021 5 Dislike Share DataDrivenCommunity 614 subscribers Title: Index Selection in SQL Server Abstract: "Just put an index on it" is a constant refrain heard when there are problems. Databases to be mirrored are currently running on 2005 SQL instances but will be upgraded to 2008 SQL in the near future. Usery So if SQL decided to use an index scan because of the high density of the index it will have to read all 100 000 rows on all 223 pages (plus the index root page). Lets look at some tables in the Stack Overflow data dump. I'm going to use AdventureWorks 2019 in this post. The dates the vote were cast becomeless selective over time, too. If you highlight the Clustered Index Insert operator and hit F4 you can see its properties. 1. Don't rebuild an index too frequently (monthly once is good enough) Don't change server fill factor, change it at . If we have a nonclustered index on that integer column, it works out that the nonclustered index has 223 pages at the leaf level and is 2 levels deep in total. Those key (or RID) lookups are expensive operations. The value of the INCLUDE clause is that it allows us to create a covering index with a smaller footprint as the included columns only are only stored at the leaf level of an index, not at the root or intermediate levels so theres less impact to index size than if we were to add additional columns as index keys. Well-constructed indexes can greatly improve read performance in SQL server, but they can be costly to maintain. What is a SQL Server Clustered Index? Designing well-organized indexes are the key to achieving a good database and application performance. Design indexes that help your workload run efficiently. In the second intermediate node, it will find also that the ID value of 57 is located in the leaf node number 6, where the record with ID value equal to 57, or a pointer to that row will be found on the leaf node, as shown below: SQL Server indexes can have large number of nodes in each level. *ls', singlet AbundantCode In this blog post, you'll learn more about the SQL Server Error Code 6383 and the error message description that is shown SQL Server Error Code 6383 SQL Server Error Description for the Code :6383 In this article. The Non-clustered index contains only the values of the index key columns with a pointer to the actual data rows stored in the clustered index or the underlying table, without controlling the order of the data within the pages and the order of the index pages. SQL Server has a way to access the data it needs efficiently. Don't index every column of the table. This scan can be configured to return rows in index order, or to return rows in any order that is determined the most effective at runtime. Selective XML indexes support the XQuery supported by SQL Server inside the exist (), value (), and nodes () methods. There will be opportunities where simply adding one column to an INCLUDE clause will cover an additional query. lf an index on a table of 100'000 records had only 500 distinct values, then the index's selectivity is 500 / 100'000 = 0.005 and in this . Now, a predicate is applied to filter all entries with an ID of 43659. Without having an index on the EmployeeID column, SQL Server will scan all the table rows to retrieve the requested data. Im offering a 75% discount on to my blog readers if you click from here. Amit Bansal is always brainstorming around SQL Server. 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Speaking at Community Events - More Thoughts. A seek requires a predicate and that predicate must be of the form that can be used as a search argument (SARGable). For the query () and modify () methods, selective XML indexes may be used for node filtering only. The Status bar shows the result set having 12 records. This can be checked by running a couple more queries. Many unique columns I see are identity columns that dont necessarily define a relationship or usable search values. In this article, we will go through the structure of the SQL Server index, itself. Table TestingIndexSeeks. The fraction of rows from the input set of the predicate that satisfy the predicate. In summary, indexes have density, a measure of how unique the left-based column subsets within them are; predicates have selectivity, a measure of what portion of the table they affect; operators have cardinality, a measure of how many rows the operator processes. If this is the kind of SQL Server stuff you love learning about, youll love my training. While preparing for my SQL Saturday Salt Lake City presentation, Climbing the B-Tree, I ran into one of the "word of mouth" facts that the first column of an index should be highly selective . There is only one record from a total of 504 rows, thus making the query highly selective. One thing to note straight off is that the selectivity of a column is much less important for inequality predicates than it was for equality. Enter Upto Four Names Enter up to 4 names and name combiner will mix and create unique names from it. Dont assume that the most selective predicate should always be the first column in an index; there are other query operations that should be considered as well. An Index Reduces Performance of SELECT Queries Share Watch on Top 5 Follow Questions on SELECT Queries Here are the top 5 questions I have received from everyone who has watched my demonstration in detail: Why an index is reducing the performance of the SELECT statement? Selective XML indexes work to extend the existing XML indexing options by offering what can be a much more efficient indexing solution. of rows matching the predicate/Total number of rows. The index depth is the number of levels from the index root node to the leaf nodes. One of the primary misconceptions regarding this topic that must be clarified is data can never be high or low on selectivity. In case you're wondering (using the equation Kumar provided) the OwnerUserId column's selectivity is 0.0701539878296839478 Wrap it up Don't just blindly index columns based on how selective they are. Best practices and the latest news on Microsoft FastTrack, The employee experience platform to help people thrive at work, Expand your Azure partner-to-partner network, Bringing IT Pros together through In-Person & Virtual events. Copyright 2022 SQLServerGeeks. The choice of leading column drives statistics and is key to whether the optimizer chooses to use the index. Applies to: SQL Server (all supported versions) Azure SQL Database Azure SQL Managed Instance Drops an existing selective XML index or secondary selective XML index in SQL Server. Selectivity = 121305/12137 = 0.99990108 A selectivity value of 1 means that all rows of the table are being returned. SQL Server uses a Key Lookup to retrieve non-key data from the data page when a nonclustered index is used to resolve the query. If we take as an example a 100 000 row table, with an column called status that has 4 values only, then, assuming that the distribution of those values is equal, a query with a predicate searching for one of those values will read 25000 rows. Consider collecting data at intervals over a longer period of time to get a more accurate picture of index usage. Available beginning in SQL Server 2012 (11.x) Service Pack 1, each row in sys.selective_xml_index_paths represents one promoted path for particular selective xml index. SQL also, in addition to the histogram, keeps density values for all of the left-based subsets of the index keys. SELECT * FROM SalesOrderDetail WHERE . statistics as used by the query optimiser, Book Review: Big Red - Voyage of a Trident Submarine. *ls' for selective XML index '%. After youve optimized your existing indexes, consider the indexes youd like to add. It is basically a new way for SQL Server to "guess" how many rows will be returned by each operator in the plan. On changing the query with a different predicate that returns all entries whose FinishedGoodsFlag value is 0, 209 rows are returned in the results set. Scroll down to the Object node and expand it. Please have a look at the following links: Techniques for Indexing Low-Selectivity Columns in SQL Server. In summary, does having a high density nonclustered index result in index scans of that index? Because of this, it is ideal that indexes are created to prioritize Seek Predicate on the most selective columns possible (as few records as possible for each column value), so that the first level of filtering returns as few rows as possible. Keep in mind that the DMV counters are reset each time SQL is restarted, so the longer SQLs up before you look for missing indexes or index usage the more accurate the values will be. Bart Duncan wrote a nice detailed blog post a while back explaining the difference between density, selectivity and cardinality. The ideal selectivity is a value of 1. Let's look at some examples. The B-Tree structure provides the SQL Server Engine with a fast way to move through the table rows based on index key, that decides to navigate let or right, to retrieve the requested values directly, without scanning all the underlying table rows. Gail Shaw, 2015-10-14 (first published: 2015-10-06). Also consider cyclic usage patterns. Otherwise, register and sign in. It has been a long and exciting journey since 1997, you can read here: http://sqlmaestros.com/amit-bansal/ If a nonclustered index that SQL could use for a query is not covering, then for each row in that resultset it has to do a lookup back to the cluster/heap for the rest of the columns. When you run a query to search for specific rows from that table, based on the ID values of these rows, the SQL Server Engine will start navigating from the root node, to determine which page to reference in the top intermediate level, then continue down through the intermediate nodes to identify the address of the next intermediate node, until it reaches the target leaf node that contains the requested data row or pointer to that row in the main table, depends on the type of the index. the selectivity is what goes with the cardinality concept. The Microsoft whitepaper on statistics as used by the query optimiser defines. Community initiative by, SQL Server Performance Tuning Master Class Today. Also, he is contributing with his SQL tips in many blogs. Looking at our simplistic example from above, we find that we can roll the functionality of all 3 indexes into 1 by simply adding MiddleName to the 3 rd index below: 5. It is clear from the Index B-Tree Structure figure below, that the B-Tree structure of the index consists of three main levels: the Root Level, the top node that contains a single index page, form which SQL Server starts its data search, the Leaf Level, the bottom level of nodes that contains the data pages we are looking for, with the number of leaf pages depends on the amount of data stored in the index, and finally the Intermediate Level, one or multiple levels between the root and the leaf levels that holds the index key values and pointers to the next intermediate level pages or the leaf data pages. . Low density (which is good), but poor selectivity. Try different implementations of an index and test their effectiveness. Database Mirroring FAQ: Can a 2008 SQL instance be used as the witness for a 2005 database mirroring setup? for 2 Names. The selectivity of an index is the percentage of rows in a table having the same value for the indexed column. In addition to the index depth, there are two other important index measurements that control the index effectiveness. A concatenated index, also known as multi-column, composite or combined index, is one index across multiple columns. This query returns a result set containing 121305 rows. Seek Predicate It is the first filter that is applied to data when SQL Server executes a query. Comment * document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a495b6e28b417bd75c37a7d12437d355" );document.getElementById("da608376e8").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This question was sent to me via email. A table named Product contains the master data for products, where every record in the table represents a product. Growth is a near constant, and with growth is going to come lumpy patterns. Filtered Index Design Guidelines - Krishnakumar S Visit Stack Exchange Tour Start here for quick overview the site Help Center Detailed answers. SQL Server provides us with two main types of indexes, the Clustered index that stores the actual data rows of the table at the leaf level of the index, in addition to controlling the sorting criteria of the data within the data pages and the order of the pages itself, based on the clustered index key. Check your index usage numbers. An index that is quite deep will suffer from performance degradation problem. An index with only 3 to 4 levels is very common. Script out the DDL for the table, including all of its indexes and keys. Selectivity can be stated to be the measure of uniqueness or the number of rows matching the predicate divided by the total number of rows., Selectivity = No. The problem with the advice that you should always put the most selective column first is that not many columns are uniformly selective. . Its an interesting question and requires a look at whats going on behind the scenes in order to answer properly.. Selectivity is a measure of what portion of the table satisfies a particular query predicate. Theres the obvious cost of additional time for your periodic index maintenance (rebuilds, reorganization and updating statistics) and the cost of additional storage, but theres also a cost every time you make an update to indexed data. Ahmad Yaseen is a Microsoft Big Data engineer with deep knowledge and experience in SQL BI, SQL Server Database Administration and Development fields. A large number of rows. Only one SXI at a time. Limit your changes to no more than a 1 or 2 indexes per table at a time, and keep a close eye on the usage statistics after implementation to see if theyre being used. For more information, see Selective XML Indexes (SXI). Before going through the index design, usage and improvement, you have to take into consideration that the index is a double-edged sword, where a well-designed index will enhance the performance of your system and speed up the data retrieval process. Ideally it will be selective and used in the WHERE clause of multiple queries. If you've already registered, sign in. One way to define selectivity is this: Selectivity refers to the probability that any row will satisfy a predicate (that is, be true). You may want to postpone data collection until after those big end of month (quarter, year) reports have been run. SQL Server can find out the data based on the index key effectively and speedily. Well do this by first reviewing all of the existing indexes on a table looking for opportunities to consolidate them, then making modifications to the remaining indexes to maximize their usage and finally adding 1 or 2 thoughtfully built indexes and monitoring to see the impact of our changes. And while I've seen a high number of SQL Server instances over the last 16 years, I couldn't tell you how many had bad plans due to selectivity guesses. What it means, how it works and most importantly some misconceptions associated with the topic. *ls'." in The selectivity of a specific value is the number of rows with that value, divided by the total number of rows. 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