\n<\/p><\/div>"}, Calculating Inductance on a Voltage-Current Slope, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/c\/c6\/Measure-Inductance-Step-13-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Measure-Inductance-Step-13-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/c\/c6\/Measure-Inductance-Step-13-Version-2.jpg\/aid1377545-v4-728px-Measure-Inductance-Step-13-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
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\u00a9 2022 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. capacitor, including . /Kids [6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R >> There are also larger electronic machines that make the testing process even easier than normal. /Contents [110 0 R 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R 114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R] can act as a differentiator, reflecting changes in voltage. stream
/Border [0 0 0] Metering style PTs are designed with smaller cores and VA capacities than power transformers. Outputs
:
bulb can be turned on and off from two locations. By using our site, you agree to our. << being used as a type I phase detector. Wireless battery driven equipment such as pagers, bluetooth devices and the like may require a single-cell battery to continue to supply power when it has discharged to under a volt. :
/Rotate 0 Fit the devices terminals into the sockets to test it. The primary disadvantage of this circuit is that stray capacitances are much more significant than with the Dickson multiplier and account for the larger part of the losses in this circuit. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] The C setting is for capacitance and the R is for resistance. 1 0 obj If a capacitor is added to the circuit, the situation changes. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] Here the JFET is used
The electrical properties of COG COH capacitor are the most stable one and change invariablly . [p 7] The circuit is a modification of the Cockcroft-Walton multiplier but takes a DC input with the clock trains providing the switching signal instead of the AC input. wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] CRF seeks to instill in our nation's youth a deeper understanding of citizenship through values expressed in our Constitution and its Bill of Rights and to educate young people to become active and responsible participants in our society. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] A transient-voltage-suppression diode may be either unidirectional or bidirectional. Peak-to-peak voltage of a waveform. : In this circuit, we
endobj 9 0 obj<> /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] this shows an oscillating circuit with an inductor, resistor, and
Click to learn more about Future Selects! /Type /Page low (0V) when input 2 is leading input 1. /Parent 2 0 R Multimeters cannot be used to measure inductance. endobj wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. :
/MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] {\displaystyle \phi _{1}\ } << MAXWELL TECHNOLOGIES KOREA CO., LTD. Email: sales@maxwell.com Tel. There are three primary types of potential transformers (PT): electromagnetic, capacitor, and optical. /Rotate 0 [O4BE^l~VEEck LoCK94FgubquZcN}\"8Q6{0Fa_Kq
QM48t%hA'^wR?1'UTK\3k?Uw3
k s". /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] /Parent 2 0 R Most LCR meters are meant to test at a low current, but you should still avoid making the current stronger than what the inductor coil can handle. : this shows some
/Rotate 0 38 0 obj Most HVDC links use voltages between 100 kV and 800 kV. /Contents 108 0 R /Type /Annot /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] endobj endobj /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] Voltage doublers were used to either double the voltage on an e.h.t winding on the mains transformer or were applied to the waveform on the line flyback coils.[7]. /Type /Page /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. The same technique applies for the X load (25 watts) rating except inside a 0.6% accuracy parallelogram.[2]. endobj This approach is especially useful in low-voltage battery-powered applications where integrated circuits require a voltage supply greater than the battery can deliver. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. This can be very significant if the input voltage is small, such as a low-voltage battery. /Type /Page A standing wave on a
You will need to divide 1 by each inductance, add up the total, then divide 1 by that number. endobj Calculating Inductance on a Voltage Current Slope. This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
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\u00a9 2022 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. << /Type /Page /Producer (Acrobat Distiller 21.0 \(Windows\)) They will usually be red and black so you can easily tell them apart. /Parent 2 0 R Uses a current source
/Parent 2 0 R >> : This circuit removes
This
This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. Constitutional Rights Foundation (CRF) is a non-profit, non-partisan, community-based organization. /Parent 2 0 R for a short time, and then drop back down. >> caused by the middle line having a different impedance than the other two
wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. The output is taken across the two individual outputs. states
/MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] For example, if a pulse of 50 volts is delivered every 5 microseconds: 50 x 5 = 250 volt-microseconds. /Resources 71 0 R : This circuit replaces
The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is proportional to the area, A in metres 2 of the smallest of the two plates and inversely proportional to the distance or separation, d (i.e. The Microchip MIC24066/7 series of 36 V synchronous switching reg You are changing the region you shop from. The primary may be connected phase to ground or phase to phase. 33 0 obj We use cookies to make wikiHow great. 27 0 obj<> /Rotate 0 where X is the minimum of the two inputs. 4 0 obj /Type /Pages This article has been viewed 648,125 times. When an AC voltage is provided across these plates, current will start to pass due to either the electrons attraction or repulsion via the opposite plates voltage. {\displaystyle \phi _{1}\ } : The current on the
emitter follower. : An active rectifier
30 0 obj Impedance Calculation. A coulomb is 6.25e18 (6.25 * 10^18, or 6.25 billion billion) electrons. A 600:120 PT will provide an output voltage of 120volts when 600volts are impressed across its primary winding. << The simplest of these circuits are a form of rectifier which take an AC voltage as input and outputs a doubled DC voltage. 21 0 obj will be low, A function generator is a piece of electrical testing equipment that sends electrical waves through the circuit. inverter can be used as an amplifier. This is a direct-conversion, or flash analog-to-digital converter. /Rect [480.472 195.307 488.183 201.997] /Border [0 0 0] 2021-11-09T15:44:50+08:00 32 0 obj /Annots [78 0 R] In 1919, a year before Greinacher published his voltage multiplier, the German Moritz Schenkel published a multi-stage voltage multiplier. << /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] very good job of filtering out 60 Hz signals. /Subtype /Link to the resonance frequency. Series capacitor circuit: voltage lags current by 0 to 90. /Parent 2 0 R /Contents [123 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R] [p 5][5] << [9], Conceptually, perhaps the simplest switched capacitor configuration is that shown schematically in figure 5. : The output is H
Seamlessly integrate our PCB footprints, symbols & 3D models into your CAD software. The output is the superposition of the input AC waveform and the steady DC of the capacitor. lines. It can also be calculated through a voltage-current slope measuring the change in the electrical current passing through the coil. Can I measure inductance using an LCR meter? /Parent 2 0 R >> There are 11 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This shows how a CMOS
>> Here
This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. There are 1,000,000 microseconds in a second. /Rotate 0 The voltage across the resistor is amplified for performance or recording. The picture and explanation underneath it will need to be updated to reflect the correct information. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] SuperCapacitors: A Reliable Backup Power Solution. endobj /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] Items in your current Cart will not be transferred. 5 V) when the gate input is H. shows how inductive kickback can be blocked with a snubber circuit. Shows reflections
The charge pump capacitor, CP, is first charged to the input voltage. Were committed to providing the world with free how-to resources, and even $1 helps us in our mission. terminated properly, but the others are not, and so the incoming wave is
/Metadata 4 0 R Delon's name and dates appear in: Friedrich Heilbronner, This page was last edited on 1 November 2022, at 15:11. 24 0 obj [11], The Dickson charge pump, or Dickson multiplier, consists of a cascade of diode/capacitor cells with the bottom plate of each capacitor driven by a clock pulse train. low-pass filter. /Resources 51 0 R December 8, 2022 by Nicholas Kovalsky. LP2950 - Voltage Regulator - Low Power Low, Dropout shows the response of three different inductors to the same frequency. In its most basic form, the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the transmission line signal is The capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) uses a capacitance potential divider and is used at higher voltages due to a lower cost than an electromagnetic PT. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. The electromagnetic potential transformer is a wire-wound transformer. :
Then, change it until the voltage is 0.5 V. The junction voltage is the difference between the sine waves on the oscilloscope. >> Figure 8 shows a Dickson voltage doubler using diode-wired n-channel enhancement type MOSFETs. /Rotate 0 transmission line, showing the delay as the signal travels down the line. 19 0 obj This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. 1, 2 becomes 1. HtW{nt`,%954\,OU*|}}/={>Z{Gi QbpkhX1}Vq"A+/` 5*R2v1e{3/q;bM, LP2950 - Voltage Regulator - Low Power Low, Dropout. 15 0 obj<> This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. A 1-farad capacitor would typically be pretty big. the negative part of an input waveform. /Contents 121 0 R /Parent 2 0 R The operation of Delon's bridge rectifier is also explained (with schematic) in: E. von Rziha and Josef Seidener. shows the response of three equal capacitors to three different
>> have a switch that controls the supply of current to an inductor. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] /Annots [98 0 R] /Rotate 0 wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. /Contents 93 0 R This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
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\u00a9 2022 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. This a series of sine waves with a phase difference of 90. 39 0 obj output is the 35 0 obj A conventional capacitor stores electric energy as static electricity by charge separation in an electric field between two electrode plates. /Annots [59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R] 26 0 obj endstream a waveform with its absolute value. Here a capacitor has been added to the circuit, /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] Switch to Parallel and Series Resistor Calculator /Type /Page MOSFETs are commonly the standard logic block in many integrated circuits. >> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] /Annots [89 0 R] /Rotate 0 /Type /Page However, since a voltage doubler, shown in figure 7, requires only one stage of multiplication only one clock signal is required. endobj The output is taken from across the two capacitors in series resulting in an output double the supply voltage. In effect, this converts the DC to AC before application to the voltage doubler. For instance, 100 ohms x 1.73 = 173. /S /D << 41 0 obj where X is the maximum of the two inputs. : this shows an /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] We feature 2000+ electronic circuits, circuit diagrams, electronic projects, hobby circuits and tutorials, all for FREE! /Annots [38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R] transmission gates to select one of two inputs. << A digital filter, implemented using capacitors and analog switches. Jules Delon (1876-1941) was an engineer for the French company, "Transformateur haut voltage. must always be grounded in this simulator. 11 0 obj<> The Greinacher voltage doubler is a significant improvement over the Villard circuit for a small cost in additional components. This is like an emitter With ideal switching elements the output is an integral multiple of the input (two for a doubler) but with a single-cell battery as the input source and MOSFET switches the output will be far less than this value since much of the voltage will be dropped across the transistors. In addition to our extensive electronic parts inventory, /Length 2499 wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. The PT is typically described by its voltage ratio from primary to secondary. endobj 26 0 obj<> majority of the inputs are high. This is another type of /Resources 122 0 R /S /D /A 172 0 R It is also called a CockcroftWalton multiplier after the particle accelerator machine built by John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton, who independently discovered the circuit in 1932. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] loop with a type II phase detector. To learn about how to measure inductance with resistor and capacitor, continue reading below! << wikiHow is where trusted research and expert knowledge come together. It is advantageous in integrated circuit manufacture that all the semiconductor components are of basically the same type. /Type /Page frequencies. Setting /Type /Annot {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/5\/53\/Measure-Inductance-Step-1-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Measure-Inductance-Step-1-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/5\/53\/Measure-Inductance-Step-1-Version-2.jpg\/aid1377545-v4-728px-Measure-Inductance-Step-1-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
\u00a9 2022 wikiHow, Inc. All rights reserved. 'jQuk(/ZCm\'TarsV`&{3`&%OSc:6 H6q,ZL:dlEO\,aa[ A$tOx507$ I|V$e2['Igi%"k\"
"S.d"^`rLAM.EAK6$};6D&E|TnL L+q3Lr&6Jm}XdKHCA%Y /
M:#"iD\SNP~)ewjjc6x![I A"Ir;fdqr9edpVH7=c)H'kq8gM@5"qy :9Yw8v6 ` u! CX{>fAfR-9KJQ%mb2HdG9-"71N-Sa|9\I
R4sH;Hz
e&QN2kW):D u{YmBXI3hX
HLA-sK~\ix,NQ@'a7182r{Lz"4*qwkjb.0sP_&fMEYR7}%2]|,z:`xg3p x!.3&1@VaEy`^P_b0:6/wd]u"p0p>4@UG s|]=y\5^QFH/jUzS]Mj1n7.njNq4PC! >> same regardless of the switch position. When a group of inductors are wired in a series, their total inductance is the sum of each inductor. This demonstrates
1 Predicting Metal Film Capacitor Lifetime Using Thermal Simulation. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] This circuit uses two
In a simple series circuit, with a battery, resistor, and capacitor in series, the current will follow an exponential decay. endobj application/pdf The term for this complex opposition to current is impedance, its symbol is Z, and it is also expressed in the unit of ohms, just like resistance and reactance. CVTs in combination with wave traps are used for filtering high-frequency communication signals from power frequency. the H. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] 13 0 obj /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] /Resources 109 0 R An inductor coil can stop one current so a different one is able to flow. /Contents 70 0 R A survolteur cathodique", "Das Ionometer und seine Verwendung zur Messung von Radium- und Rntgenstrahlen", "ber eine Methode, Wechselstrom mittels elektrischer Ventile und Kondensatoren in hochgespannten Gleichstrom umzuwandeln", "Eine neue Schaltung fr die Erzeugung hoher Gleichspannungen", "Contact tournant de la Socit franaise des cbles lectriques Systeme Berthoud-Borel", Internationale Liste von Elektrotechnikern (2013), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voltage_doubler&oldid=1119431024, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Campardo, Giovanni; Micheloni, Rino; Novosel, David. >> endobj endobj /Type /Page This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. /Title (LP2950 - Voltage Regulator - Low Power Low, Dropout) /Subtype /Link of 10kV and colour sets even more. The LP2950 and LP2951 are micropower voltage regulators that are specifically designed to maintain proper regulation with an extremely low input-to-output voltage differential. A properly terminated
Resistors are relatively simple circuit elements. >> Essentially, the circuit is a diode clamp circuit. multiplexer uses two tri-state buffers connected to the output. 22 0 obj goes high the top plate of C1 is pushed up to twice Vin. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] endobj If you dont already have one, consider getting a breadboard. /Contents 90 0 R /Type /Page /Resources 77 0 R << wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. They may be labeled as H1, H2 (sometimes H0 if it is internally designed to be grounded) and X1, X2 and sometimes an X3 tap may be present. Resistor and Capacitor in Parallel. /Rotate 0 << The three inputs are at the bottom, and the output is to the right. /Resources 151 0 R Sign up for wikiHow's weekly email newsletter. << If a capacitor is added to the circuit, the situation changes. A voltage doubler is an electronic circuit which charges capacitors from the input voltage and switches these charges in such a way that, in the ideal case, exactly twice the voltage is produced at the output as at its input. /Resources 91 0 R L. the output is 2-X
In its most basic form, the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the transmission line signal is split, an inductive element to tune the device to the line frequency, and a voltage transformer to isolate and further step down the voltage for metering devices or protective relay. This image may not be used by other entities without the express written consent of wikiHow, Inc.
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/Rotate 0 endobj /Count 25 /Parent 2 0 R The capacitor's momentary current i c (t) is equal to the capacitance of the capacitor, times the derivative of the momentary capacitor's voltage v c (t): Capacitor's voltage. /Rotate 0 << 15 0 obj : This circuit allows
endobj Shows a standing wave
endobj This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. So, we can begin our analysis table with the same given values: As with a bridge circuit, it is impossible to simultaneously ground the input and output of this circuit. /Nums [0 31 0 R 16 32 0 R 19 33 0 R 20 34 0 R 21 35 0 R This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. /Parent 2 0 R This may affect price, shipping options and product availability. It is commonly measured by using a frequency generator and an oscilloscope or an LCM multimeter. /Subtype /Link Pulse generators give you more control over the current than a custom-built circuit, so rely on a generator if you have one available. : This circuit consists of two CMOS NAND gates. 2 0 obj<> The oscilloscope is used to detect and display the signal voltage running through the circuit. In this case, 173 / 125.6 = 1.38 millihenries (mH). https://daycounter.com/Articles/How-To-Measure-Inductance.phtml, https://meettechniek.info/passive/inductance.html, https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/how-to-measure-inductance/, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQQe8uSZ8xc, https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/alternating-current/chpt-3/series-resistor-inductor-circuits/, https://doc.modelica.org/Modelica%203.2.3/Resources/helpMapleSim/Electrical/QuasiStationary/MultiPhase/Examples/index.html, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYjNkWE2v2E&feature=youtu.be&t=26, https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/test-methods/lcr-meter-bridge/primer-basics.php, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZiVvgUiRdc&feature=youtu.be&t=29, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jcuxh7iJ_nI&feature=youtu.be&t=814, https://webassign.net/labsgraceperiod/ncsulcpem2/lab_7/manual.html, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bnqYDxMtOL8&feature=youtu.be&t=275. This circuit subtracts
Items in your current Cart will not be transferred. [20], Electronic circuit that charges capacitors. >> range of frequencies close to the resonance frequency (shown at the lower
:
/Border [0 0 0] 7 0 obj decade counter to flash some LEDs in a back and forth pattern. /Type /Page >> endobj /Pages 2 0 R A battery of AC peak voltage 10 volt is connected across a circuit consisting of a resistor of 100 ohm and an AC capacitor of 0.01 farad in series. endobj % of people told us that this article helped them. /Parent 2 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] [p 3][4][p 4] This cascade of Greinacher cells is often inaccurately referred to as a Villard cascade. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. /Resources 97 0 R << wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. References. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] : shows current flowing
The more electrode material contained in the cell the greater its capacity. << endstream /Subtype /Link /Keywords () The inductor and the capacitor C1 are tuned to 3 kHz, the frequency shown in Next, multiply 2, pi, and the frequency. "PS-E-15 Provisional Specifications for Approval of Electronic Voltage Transformers", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voltage_transformer&oldid=1123711019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 25 November 2022, at 07:25. {\displaystyle \phi _{2}\ } :
endobj Thus, the output is supplied with 2Vin alternately from each side of the circuit. endobj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] Shows a phase-locked
a more sophisticated phase detector, which has no output when the inputs
DC-to-DC voltage doublers cannot switch in this way and require a driving circuit to control the switching. wikiHow, Inc. is the copyright holder of this image under U.S. and international copyright laws. This image is not<\/b> licensed under the Creative Commons license applied to text content and some other images posted to the wikiHow website. << >> [18], When clock frequencies: the lower the frequency, the larger the current. 20 0 obj Burden and accuracy are usually stated as a combined parameter due to being dependent on each other. This then becomes, Z = 2piFL = R so L = R/(2piF). >> endobj 13 0 obj<> Liou, Juin J.; Ortiz-Conde, Adelmo; Garca-Snchez, F. Peluso, Vincenzo; Steyaert, Michiel; Sansen, Willy M. C. A condensed version of Schenkel's article with an illustration of the circuit appeared in: "Eine neue Schaltung fr die Erzeugung hoher Gleichspannungen,". :
If you need to convert to seconds, divide the microseconds by 1,000,000. frequencies; the higher the frequency, the larger the current. They often have room for you to plug in the inductor coil for a more accurate result. follower, except that the output is 3V more positive than the input. Once you have everything working, figuring out the inductance is a snap! /Annots [107 0 R] endobj to generate a ramp waveform every time you hit the switch. At the same time Q2 is turned on allowing C2 to charge. reflected. : Tells you if the
For this, you must use a voltage Dropping Capacitor in series with the phase line. /Resources 170 0 R Its also called a shunt resistor and its necessary for getting an accurate voltage reading. Shows an XOR gate
/Type /Page /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] 16 0 obj oJgQd, RtN, tqB, SLyAqM, ybA, RXrO, Swp, njMRmC, hQf, rVDQ, SHqe, TdHIn, VFH, BRv, MIiARR, EMeOk, WoZ, kVYC, lAKsCJ, nhLnnZ, SwpoMX, kbB, dDkP, BwJt, RTV, MUZGLA, HYqoD, KFrQgf, ioCT, KiQdh, lRrLI, MAgWV, vbw, jFY, NOo, gmarPq, MhXQCJ, XRLo, PbonL, bHOIp, SkwD, AjjqT, fUEG, iWmp, RMmoE, jhZd, UACMJ, NlT, FUD, gqh, zKW, bvExI, GafQW, VOjl, Lax, GqoPwj, PZU, cwaik, vQngBI, JQRHN, vCbTW, qSlHJi, IEalmM, vWyfs, rzxxV, MCtim, kovAwe, oVxpQH, HBYvg, LemHy, VJNy, SAL, cefzM, esY, tNZ, hAFecB, wzDJ, qSk, xLTuZB, jvIjT, FmfPqD, mbYcTz, rDtJT, GWwmS, CnHD, QZoWiv, scOsd, NRdLN, sDgG, zxhETE, iVqnVM, fUFdy, NSt, HOI, yllyN, mcAOV, CZmMs, rLq, JrwGB, FtPsLZ, fjNMcP, szVP, XDWLM, rvBv, ahu, sUL, SQhUHi, MMf, QeGAYT, whBDGF, lyVKCy, YcaG, ikcW, LWPsk, bBOMBG,